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Large language models can be quantized to reduce inference time latency, model size, and energy consumption, thereby delivering a better user experience at lower cost. A challenge exists to deliver quantized models with minimal loss of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Steven K. Esser , Jeffrey L. McKinstry , Deepika Bablani , Rathinakumar Appuswamy , Dharmendra S. Modha

Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant deployment challenges due to their substantial resource requirements. While low-bit quantized weights can reduce memory usage and improve inference efficiency, current hardware lacks native…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Pengxiang Zhao , Xiaoming Yuan

Due to their large size, generative Large Language Models (LLMs) require significant computing and storage resources. This paper introduces a new post-training quantization method, GPTQT, to reduce memory usage and enhance processing speed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Yipin Guo , Yilin Lang , Qinyuan Ren

Large Language Models (LLMs) pose significant hardware challenges related to memory requirements and computational ability. There are two mainstream quantization schemes for LLMs: coarse-grained ($\textit{e.g.,}$ channel-wise) quantization…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Luoming Zhang , Wen Fei , Weijia Wu , Yefei He , Zhenyu Lou , Hong Zhou

Post-training quantization (PTQ) of large language models (LLMs) holds the promise in reducing the prohibitive computational cost at inference time. Quantization of all weight, activation and key-value (KV) cache tensors to 4-bit without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Utkarsh Saxena , Sayeh Sharify , Kaushik Roy , Xin Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities. However, their massive parameter scale leads to significant resource consumption and latency during inference. Post-training weight-only quantization offers a promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhikai Li , Zhen Dong , Xuewen Liu , Jing Zhang , Qingyi Gu

Quantization is an effective approach to reduce the memory footprint and inference cost of large language models (LLMs), yet maintaining performance in the ultra-low-bit regime remains challenging. Existing post-training methods often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Phong Nam Huu Nguyen , Khoi M. Le , Cong-Duy T Nguyen , Anh Tuan Luu , Thong Thanh Nguyen , Tho Quan

Recently years have witnessed a rapid development of large language models (LLMs). Despite the strong ability in many language-understanding tasks, the heavy computational burden largely restricts the application of LLMs especially when one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yuhui Xu , Lingxi Xie , Xiaotao Gu , Xin Chen , Heng Chang , Hengheng Zhang , Zhengsu Chen , Xiaopeng Zhang , Qi Tian

Parameter quantization for Large Language Models (LLMs) has attracted increasing attentions recently in reducing memory costs and improving computational efficiency. Early approaches have been widely adopted. However, the existing methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Haoyu Wang , Bei Liu , Hang Shao , Bo Xiao , Ke Zeng , Guanglu Wan , Yanmin Qian

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) achieve outstanding performance, yet their huge model size severely hinders deployment on edge devices with limited resources. As an efficient model compression technique, vector quantization (VQ) excels in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zhong Wang , Zukang Xu , Xing Hu , Dawei Yang

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) is often constrained by the computational costs of processing massive datasets. We propose \textbf{QLESS} (Quantized Low-rank Gradient Similarity Search), which integrates gradient quantization with…

Post-training quantization (PTQ) compresses the weights and activations of large language models (LLMs) into low-precision representations to reduce memory footprint and accelerate inference. However, the presence of outliers in weights and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yesheng Liang , Haisheng Chen , Zihan Zhang , Song Han , Zhijian Liu

Quantization is a proven effective method for compressing large language models. Although popular techniques like W8A8 and W4A16 effectively maintain model performance, they often fail to concurrently speed up the prefill and decoding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Ying Zhang , Peng Zhang , Mincong Huang , Jingyang Xiang , Yujie Wang , Chao Wang , Yineng Zhang , Lei Yu , Chuan Liu , Wei Lin

The quantization of large language models (LLMs) has been a prominent research area aimed at enabling their lightweight deployment in practice. Existing research about LLM's quantization has mainly explored the interplay between weights and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Yifei Gao , Jie Ou , Lei Wang , Jun Cheng , Mengchu Zhou

The growing scale of large language models (LLMs) not only demands extensive computational resources but also raises environmental concerns due to their increasing carbon footprint. Model quantization emerges as an effective approach that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Saima Afrin , Bowen Xu , Antonio Mastropaolo

Weight quantization effectively reduces memory consumption and enable the deployment of Large Language Models on edge devices, yet existing hardware-friendly methods often rely on uniform quantization, which suffers from poor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xin Nie , Liang Dong , Haicheng Zhang , Jiawang Xiao , G. Sun

As the size of large language models (LLMs) continues to grow, model compression without sacrificing accuracy has become a crucial challenge for deployment. While some quantization methods, such as GPTQ, have made progress in achieving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Liang Li , Qingyuan Li , Bo Zhang , Xiangxiang Chu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing tasks. However, their practical application is constrained by substantial memory and computational demands. Post-training quantization (PTQ) is considered an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Chao Zeng , Songwei Liu , Yusheng Xie , Hong Liu , Xiaojian Wang , Miao Wei , Shu Yang , Fangmin Chen , Xing Mei

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance across various language tasks but pose challenges for practical deployment due to their substantial memory requirements. Furthermore, the latest generative models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Young Jin Kim , Rawn Henry , Raffy Fahim , Hany Hassan Awadalla

Large language models (LLMs) deliver strong performance, but their high compute and memory costs make deployment difficult in resource-constrained scenarios. Weight-only post-training quantization (PTQ) is appealing, as it reduces memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Xianglong Yan , ChengZhu Bao , Zhiteng Li , Tianao Zhang , Shaoqiu Zhang , Ruobing Xie , Samm Sun , Yulun Zhang