Related papers: Historical and Multichain Storage Proofs
Blockchain technology has emerged as a revolutionary tool in ensuring data integrity and security in digital transactions. However, the current approaches to data verification in blockchain systems, particularly in Ethereum, face challenges…
Ethereum, the leading platform for decentralized applications, faces challenges in maintaining decentralization due to the significant hardware requirements for validators to store Ethereum's entire state. To address this, the concept of…
In the rapidly evolving landscape of blockchain technology, ensuring the integrity and security of data is paramount. This study delves into the security aspects of Merkle Trees, a fundamental component in blockchain architectures, such as…
Popular Ethereum wallets (like MetaMask) entrust centralized infrastructure providers (e.g., Infura) to run the consensus client logic on their behalf. As a result, these wallets are light-weight and high-performant, but come with security…
The perpetual growth of data stored on popular blockchains such as Ethereum leads to significant scalability challenges and substantial storage costs for operators of full nodes. Increasing costs may lead to fewer independently operated…
Sharding is a way to address scalability problem in blockchain technologies. Ethereum, a prominent blockchain technology, has included sharding in its roadmap to increase its throughput. The plan is also to include multiple execution…
Merkle structures are widely used as commitment schemes: they allow a prover to publish a compact commitment to an ordered list $X$ of items, and then efficiently prove to a verifier that $x_i\in X$ is the $i$-th item in it. We compare…
Public blockchains like Ethereum use Merkle trees to verify transactions received from untrusted servers before applying them to the blockchain. We empirically show that the low throughput of such blockchains is due to the I/O bottleneck…
Merkle hash trees are the standard method to protect the integrity and freshness of stored data. However, hash trees introduce additional compute and I/O costs on the I/O critical path, and prior efforts have not fully characterized these…
Blockchain systems face significant scalability challenges due to growing data volumes and increasing transaction demands, necessitating more efficient data structures and verification mechanisms. Verkle trees, a novel data structure…
Smart contracts are small programs that run autonomously on the blockchain, using it as their persistent memory. The predominant platform for smart contracts is the Ethereum VM (EVM). In EVM smart contracts, a problem with significant…
A Merkle tree is an information construction that is used in Blockchain to verify data or transactions in a large content pool in a safe manner. The role of the Merkle tree is crucial in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies in a Blockchain…
Addressing the critical challenge of ensuring data integrity in decentralized systems, this paper delves into the underexplored area of data falsification probabilities within Merkle Trees, which are pivotal in blockchain and Internet of…
The scalability limitations of public blockchains have hindered their widespread adoption in real-world applications. While the Ethereum community is pushing forward in zk-rollup (zero-knowledge rollup) solutions, such as introducing the…
We present a scalable "Trustworthy Container Repository" (TCR) infrastructure for the storage of software container images, such as those used by Docker. Using an authenticated data structure based on index-ordered Merkle trees (IOMTs), TCR…
The Ethereum state database uses Merkle Patricia Trie (MPT), which suffers from large witness proof sizes and high storage overhead. Verkle Tries have been proposed as a replacement, offering witness proofs below 150 bytes through vector…
In this paper, we propose coded Merkle tree (CMT), a novel hash accumulator that offers a constant-cost protection against data availability attacks in blockchains, even if the majority of the network nodes are malicious. A CMT is…
Ethereum has undergone a recent change called \textit{the Merge}, which made Ethereum a Proof-of-Stake blockchain, shifting closer to BFT consensus. Ethereum, which wished to keep the best of the two protocol designs (BFT and…
Blockchain technology is rapidly evolving, with scalability remaining one of its most significant challenges. While various solutions have been proposed and continue to be developed, it is essential to consider the blockchain trilemma --…
Although wide-scale integration of cloud services with myriad applications increases quality of services (QoS) for enterprise users, verifying the existence and manipulation of stored cloud information remains an open research problem.…