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Recent advances in deep generative models have led to impressive results in a variety of application domains. Motivated by the possibility that deep learning models might memorize part of the input data, there have been increased efforts to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Gerrit J. J. van den Burg , Christopher K. I. Williams

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to memorize and reproduce content from their training data, raising significant privacy concerns, especially with web-scale datasets. Existing methods for detecting memorization are primarily…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Zhenpeng Wu , Jian Lou , Zibin Zheng , Chuan Chen

Recent advances in generative models have demonstrated an exceptional ability to produce highly realistic images. However, previous studies show that generated images often resemble the training data, and this problem becomes more severe as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Er Jin , Yang Zhang , Yongli Mou , Yanfei Dong , Stefan Decker , Kenji Kawaguchi , Johannes Stegmaier

Machine learning (ML) is becoming a commodity. Numerous ML frameworks and services are available to data holders who are not ML experts but want to train predictive models on their data. It is important that ML models trained on sensitive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-09-28 Congzheng Song , Thomas Ristenpart , Vitaly Shmatikov

When do diffusion models reproduce their training data, and when are they able to generate samples beyond it? A practically relevant theoretical understanding of this interplay between memorization and generalization may significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Sam Buchanan , Druv Pai , Yi Ma , Valentin De Bortoli

Memorization in language models is widely studied but remains difficult to isolate and control. Understanding when and what models memorize is essential for explaining their predictions, yet existing approaches are post-hoc: they can detect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Xiangbo Zhang , Ali Emami

Geometric Sensitive Hashing functions, a family of Local Sensitive Hashing functions, are neural network models that learn class-specific manifold geometry in supervised learning. However, given a set of supervised learning tasks,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Jinyung Hong , Theodore P. Pavlic

Manifold learning is a popular and quickly-growing subfield of machine learning based on the assumption that one's observed data lie on a low-dimensional manifold embedded in a higher-dimensional space. This thesis presents a mathematical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Luke Melas-Kyriazi

Modern machine learning increasingly leverages the insight that high-dimensional data often lie near low-dimensional, non-linear manifolds, an idea known as the manifold hypothesis. By explicitly modeling the geometric structure of data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Willem Diepeveen , Deanna Needell

How do transformer language models memorize factual associations? A common view casts internal weight matrices as associative memories over pairs of embeddings, requiring parameter counts that scale linearly with the number of facts. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Shauli Ravfogel , Gilad Yehudai , Joan Bruna , Alberto Bietti

Deep sequence models are said to store atomic facts predominantly in the form of associative memory: a brute-force lookup of co-occurring entities. We identify a dramatically different form of storage of atomic facts that we term as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Shahriar Noroozizadeh , Vaishnavh Nagarajan , Elan Rosenfeld , Sanjiv Kumar

Generative machine learning models are being increasingly viewed as a way to share sensitive data between institutions. While there has been work on developing differentially private generative modeling approaches, these approaches…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Yixi Xu , Sumit Mukherjee , Xiyang Liu , Shruti Tople , Rahul Dodhia , Juan Lavista Ferres

Classical metric and non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) variants are widely known manifold learning (ML) methods which enable construction of low dimensional representation (projections) of high dimensional data inputs. However,…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2014-06-16 Denis Horvath , Jozef Ulicny , Branislav Brutovsky

Models for learning probability distributions such as generative models and density estimators behave quite differently from models for learning functions. One example is found in the memorization phenomenon, namely the ultimate convergence…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-03 Hongkang Yang , Weinan E

While the manifold hypothesis is widely adopted in modern machine learning, complex data is often better modeled as stratified spaces -- unions of manifolds (strata) of varying dimensions. Stratified learning is challenging due to varying…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-14 Randy Martinez , Rong Tang , Lizhen Lin

We study the memorization and generalization capabilities of Diffusion Models (DMs) when data lies on a structured latent manifold. Specifically, we consider a set of $P$ data points in $N$ dimensions confined to a latent subspace of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-05-27 Beatrice Achilli , Luca Ambrogioni , Carlo Lucibello , Marc Mézard , Enrico Ventura

Classifying the training data correctly without over-fitting is one of the goals in machine learning. In this paper, we propose a generalization-memorization mechanism, including a generalization-memorization decision and a memory modeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Zhen Wang , Yuan-Hai Shao

This work starts with the intention of using mathematics to understand the intriguing vulnerability observed by ~\citet{szegedy2013} within artificial neural networks. Along the way, we will develop some novel tools with applications far…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Brian Bell

In the rapidly evolving landscape of artificial intelligence, generative models such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and Diffusion Models have become cornerstone technologies, driving innovation in diverse fields from art creation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Jack He , Jianxing Zhao , Andrew Bai , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Likelihood-based, or explicit, deep generative models use neural networks to construct flexible high-dimensional densities. This formulation directly contradicts the manifold hypothesis, which states that observed data lies on a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-30 Gabriel Loaiza-Ganem , Brendan Leigh Ross , Jesse C. Cresswell , Anthony L. Caterini