Related papers: Pythia 8 and Air Shower Simulations: A Tuning Pers…
This paper is a mini-review of the atmospheric muon and neutrino flux calculations based upon a recent version of CORT code and up-to-date data on primary cosmic rays and hadronic interactions. A comparison of calculations with a…
The interpretation of extensive air shower measurements, produced by ultra-high energy cosmic rays, relies on the correct modeling of the hadron-air interactions that occur during the shower development. The majority of hadronic particles…
In this article, I will review how observations performed with extensive air showers are being used to probe hadronic interactions at high energy. I will briefly overview the new studies exploring the connection between the dynamics of air…
NA61/SHINE is a fixed target experiment designed to study hadron-proton, hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus interactions at the CERN Super-Proton-Synchrotron. In this proceeding we present results on spectra of identified hadrons produced…
The hardness of the energy spectrum of neutral pions produced in proton-air interactions at ultra-high energies, above $10^{18}$ eV, is constrained by the steepness of the shower-to-shower distribution of the number of muons in…
The world largest exposure to ultra-high energy cosmic rays accumulated by the Pierre Auger Observatory led to major advances in our understanding of their properties, but the many unknowns about the nature and distribution of the sources,…
With the knowledge and statistical precision derived from two decades of measurement, the Pierre Auger Observatory has significantly deepened our understanding of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays while unearthing an increasingly complex…
The energy spectrum of muons produced in air showers depends not only on the properties of the primary particle, but also on the atmosphere. This is because of the competition between decay and interaction of the parent mesons, which…
At Auger energies only model predictions enable us to extract primary cosmic ray features. The simulation of the shower evolution depends sensitively on the first few interactions, necessarily related to the quality of our understanding of…
We present first results about the measurement of the characteristics of charged hadrons production by atmospheric muons in the rock above MACRO. Selection criteria which allow to discriminate hadron cascades from e.m. showers generated by…
The hadronic interaction model BBL implements the ideas of gluon saturation due to large densities. When approaching the black body limit at high energies, leading partons acquire large transverse momenta which breaks up their coherence.…
Multiple experiments reported evidences of a muon deficit in air shower simulations with respect to data, which increases with the primary energy. In this work, we study the muon deficit using measurements of the muon density at $1000\,$m…
Motivated by the computational limitations of simulating interactions of particles in highly-granular detectors, there exists a concerted effort to build fast and exact machine-learning-based shower simulators. This work reports progress on…
Simulations of extensive air showers using current hadronic interaction models predict too small numbers of muons compared to events observed in the air-shower experiments, which is known as the muon-deficit problem. In this work, we…
Studies of the influence of different hadronic models on extensive air showers at ultra-high energies are presented. The hadronic models considered are those implemented in the well-known QGSJET and SIBYLL event generators. The different…
The building block of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory is a water Cherenkov tank. The response to shower particles is simulated using a dedicated program based on GEANT4. To check the simulation chain, we compare the…
The understanding of the basic properties of the ultra - high energy extensive air showers is strongly dependent on the description of the hadronic interactions in a energy range beyond that probed by the LHC. One of the uncertainties…
The Pierre Auger Observatory for cosmic rays provides a laboratory for studying fundamental interactions at energies well beyond those available at colliders. In addition to hadrons or photons, Auger is sensitive to ultra-high energy…
Deep underground experiments present a new avenue to probe the first interactions in extensive air showers or hadronic interactions in the extreme forward phase space. The China Jinping Underground Laboratory, characterized by a vertical…
A simple method of the vertical muon energy spectrum simulations have been suggested. These calculations have been carried out in terms of various models of hadronic interactions. The most energetic $ \pi^\pm $-mesons and K$^\pm $-mesons…