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Accelerated gradient-based methods are being extensively used for solving non-convex machine learning problems, especially when the data points are abundant or the available data is distributed across several agents. Two of the prominent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Kushal Chakrabarti , Nikhil Chopra

The Adam optimization method has achieved remarkable success in addressing contemporary challenges in stochastic optimization. This method falls within the realm of adaptive sub-gradient techniques, yet the underlying geometric principles…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Chinedu Eleh , Masuzyo Mwanza , Ekene Aguegboh , Hans-Werner van Wyk

When training neural models, it is common to combine multiple loss terms. The balancing of these terms requires considerable human effort and is computationally demanding. Moreover, the optimal trade-off between the loss term can change as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Itzik Malkiel , Lior Wolf

Optimization methods (optimizers) get special attention for the efficient training of neural networks in the field of deep learning. In literature there are many papers that compare neural models trained with the use of different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Nicola Landro , Ignazio Gallo , Riccardo La Grassa

Since its invention in 2014, the Adam optimizer has received tremendous attention. On one hand, it has been widely used in deep learning and many variants have been proposed, while on the other hand their theoretical convergence property…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Zhishuai Guo , Yi Xu , Wotao Yin , Rong Jin , Tianbao Yang

Adaptive moment methods such as Adam use a diagonal, coordinate-wise preconditioner based on exponential moving averages of squared gradients. This diagonal scaling is coordinate-system dependent and can struggle with dense or rotated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Devender Singh , Tarun Sheel

Averaging techniques such as Ruppert--Polyak averaging and exponential movering averaging (EMA) are powerful approaches to accelerate optimization procedures of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization methods such as the popular ADAM…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-29 Arnulf Jentzen , Julian Kranz , Adrian Riekert

The Adam optimizer is a cornerstone of modern deep learning, yet the empirical necessity of each of its individual components is often taken for granted. This paper presents a focused investigation into the role of bias-correction, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Sam Laing , Antonio Orvieto

Distributed adaptive stochastic gradient methods have been widely used for large-scale nonconvex optimization, such as training deep learning models. However, their communication complexity on finding $\varepsilon$-stationary points has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Congliang Chen , Li Shen , Wei Liu , Zhi-Quan Luo

Optimizer is an essential component for the success of deep learning, which guides the neural network to update the parameters according to the loss on the training set. SGD and Adam are two classical and effective optimizers on which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Yineng Chen , Zuchao Li , Lefei Zhang , Bo Du , Hai Zhao

This paper proposes a conjugate-gradient-based Adam algorithm blending Adam with nonlinear conjugate gradient methods and shows its convergence analysis. Numerical experiments on text classification and image classification show that the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-03-04 Yu Kobayashi , Hideaki Iiduka

Finding the best neural network architecture requires significant time, resources, and human expertise. These challenges are partially addressed by neural architecture search (NAS) which is able to find the best convolutional layer or cell…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-18 Vladimir Macko , Charles Weill , Hanna Mazzawi , Javier Gonzalvo

This paper establishes a mathematical foundation for the Adam optimizer, elucidating its connection to natural gradient descent through Riemannian and information geometry. We provide an accessible and detailed analysis of the diagonal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Dongseong Hwang

First-order optimization methods are currently the mainstream in training deep neural networks (DNNs). Optimizers like Adam incorporate limited curvature information by employing the diagonal matrix preconditioning of the stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Damien Martins Gomes , Yanlei Zhang , Eugene Belilovsky , Guy Wolf , Mahdi S. Hosseini

Learning for maximizing AUC performance is an important research problem in Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence. Unlike traditional batch learning methods for maximizing AUC which often suffer from poor scalability, recent years…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-02-02 Yi Ding , Peilin Zhao , Steven C. H. Hoi , Yew-Soon Ong

Deep learning optimizers are optimization algorithms that enable deep neural networks to learn. The effectiveness of learning is highly dependent on the optimizer employed in the training process. Alongside the rapid advancement of deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Doğay Altınel

We investigate the role of the optimizer in determining the quality of the model fit for neural networks with a small to medium number of parameters. We study the performance of Adam, an algorithm for first-order gradient-based optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-17 John Taylor , Wenyi Wang , Biswajit Bala , Tomasz Bednarz

Optimization lies at the core of modern deep learning, yet existing methods often face a fundamental trade-off between adapting to problem geometry and leveraging curvature utilization. Steepest descent algorithms adapt to different…

The choice of optimiser is important in deep learning, as it strongly influences model efficiency and speed of convergence. However, many commonly used optimisers encounter difficulties when applied to imbalanced and sequential datasets,…

Adam has proven remarkable successful in training deep neural networks, but the mechanisms underlying its empirical successes and limitations remain underexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that the effectiveness of Adam stems largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Hanyang Peng , Shuang Qin , Yue Yu , Fangqing Jiang , Hui Wang , Wen Gao