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Self-modulating mechanisms introduce dynamic adaptation capabilities within language models through contextual realignment strategies that influence token embedding trajectories across extended sequences. Contextual Flux is explored as an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Henry Evidail , Zachary Mountebank , Alistair Hathersage , Peter Stanhope , Basil Ravenscroft , Tobias Waddingham

Embedding models are crucial for tasks in Information Retrieval (IR) and semantic similarity measurement, yet their handling of longer texts and associated positional biases remains underexplored. In this study, we investigate the impact of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Reagan J. Lee , Samarth Goel , Kannan Ramchandran

We introduce Lookup-Table Language Models (LookupLM), a method for scaling up the size of RNN language models with only a constant increase in the floating point operations, by increasing the expressivity of the embedding table. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-08 W. Ronny Huang , Tara N. Sainath , Cal Peyser , Shankar Kumar , David Rybach , Trevor Strohman

Progress on training and architecture strategies has enabled LLMs with millions of tokens in context length. However, empirical evidence suggests that such long-context LLMs can consume far more text than they can reliably use. On the other…

Scaling long-context ability is essential for Large Language Models (LLMs). To amortize the memory consumption across multiple devices in long-context training, inter-data partitioning (a.k.a. Data Parallelism) and intra-data partitioning…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Hao Ge , Junda Feng , Qi Huang , Fangcheng Fu , Xiaonan Nie , Lei Zuo , Haibin Lin , Bin Cui , Xin Liu

We investigate the performance of large language models on repetitive deterministic prediction tasks and study how the sequence accuracy rate scales with output length. Each such task involves repeating the same operation n times. Examples…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Wanda Hou , Leon Zhou , Hong-Ye Hu , Yubei Chen , Yi-Zhuang You , Xiao-Liang Qi

Large language models (LLMs) exhibiting test-time scaling behavior, such as extended reasoning traces and self-verification, have demonstrated remarkable performance on complex, long-term reasoning tasks. However, the robustness of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Gleb Rodionov

The rapidly growing ecosystem of Large Language Models (LLMs) makes it increasingly challenging to manage and utilize the vast and dynamic pool of models effectively. We propose LOCUS, a method that produces low-dimensional vector…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Shivam Patel , William Cocke , Gauri Joshi

Text embedding models enable semantic search, powering several NLP applications like Retrieval Augmented Generation by efficient information retrieval (IR). However, text embedding models are commonly studied in scenarios where the training…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Dipam Goswami , Liying Wang , Bartłomiej Twardowski , Joost van de Weijer

Text embeddings from Large Language Models (LLMs) have become foundational for numerous applications. However, these models typically operate on raw text, overlooking the rich structural information, such as hyperlinks or citations, that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Shikun Liu , Haoyu Wang , Mufei Li , Pan Li

With the rise of large language models (LLMs), recent works have leveraged LLMs to improve the performance of click-through rate (CTR) prediction. However, we argue that a critical obstacle remains in deploying LLMs for practical use: the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Binzong Geng , Zhaoxin Huan , Xiaolu Zhang , Yong He , Liang Zhang , Fajie Yuan , Jun Zhou , Linjian Mo

Most unsupervised NLP models represent each word with a single point or single region in semantic space, while the existing multi-sense word embeddings cannot represent longer word sequences like phrases or sentences. We propose a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Haw-Shiuan Chang , Amol Agrawal , Andrew McCallum

Embedding fusion has emerged as an effective approach for enhancing performance across various NLP tasks. However, systematic guidelines for selecting optimal layers and developing effective fusion strategies for the integration of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Jiho Gwak , Yuchul Jung

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown exciting performance in listwise passage ranking. Due to the limited input length, existing methods often adopt the sliding window strategy. Such a strategy, though effective, is inefficient as it…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Wenhan Liu , Xinyu Ma , Yutao Zhu , Ziliang Zhao , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Zhicheng Dou

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown remarkable advancement in various NLP tasks. As such, a popular trend has emerged lately where NLP researchers extract word/sentence/document embeddings from these large decoder-only models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yash Mahajan , Matthew Freestone , Sathyanarayanan Aakur , Santu Karmaker

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown remarkable advancement in various NLP tasks. As such, a popular trend has emerged lately where NLP researchers extract word/sentence/document embeddings from these large decoder-only models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yash Mahajan , Matthew Freestone , Naman Bansal , Sathyanarayanan Aakur , Shubhra Kanti Karmaker Santu

Unsupervised text embedding methods, such as Skip-gram and Paragraph Vector, have been attracting increasing attention due to their simplicity, scalability, and effectiveness. However, comparing to sophisticated deep learning architectures…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-08-04 Jian Tang , Meng Qu , Qiaozhu Mei

Large language models (LLMs) suffer from hallucination and context forgetting. Prior studies suggest that attention drift is a primary cause of these problems, where LLMs' focus shifts towards newly generated tokens and away from the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Xu Liu , Guikun Chen , Wenguan Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive instruction following capabilities, while still struggling to accurately manage the length of the generated text, which is a fundamental requirement in many real-world applications.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Yuxuan Gu , Wenjie Wang , Xiaocheng Feng , Weihong Zhong , Kun Zhu , Lei Huang , Tat-Seng Chua , Bing Qin

The field of learning analytics has made notable strides in automating the detection of complex learning processes in multimodal data. However, most advancements have focused on individualized problem-solving instead of collaborative,…

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