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Pre-training on large-scale, high-quality datasets is crucial for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), especially in specialized domains such as mathematics. Despite the recognized importance, the Multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Xiaotian Han , Yiren Jian , Xuefeng Hu , Haogeng Liu , Yiqi Wang , Qihang Fan , Yuang Ai , Huaibo Huang , Ran He , Zhenheng Yang , Quanzeng You

We present an ongoing initiative to provide open, very large, high-quality, and richly annotated textual datasets for almost 200 languages. At 30 trillion tokens, this is likely the largest generally available multilingual collection of LLM…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are pre-trained on large amounts of data from different sources and domains. Such datasets often contain trillions of tokens, including large portions of copyrighted or proprietary content, which raises…

This paper presents a study on strategies to enhance the translation capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in the context of machine translation (MT) tasks. The paper proposes a novel paradigm consisting of three stages: Secondary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Jiaxin Guo , Hao Yang , Zongyao Li , Daimeng Wei , Hengchao Shang , Xiaoyu Chen

Pre-training large-scale language models (LMs) requires huge amounts of text corpora. LMs for English enjoy ever growing corpora of diverse language resources. However, less resourced languages and their mono- and multilingual LMs often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Maria Khvalchik , Mikhail Galkin

Multilingual large language models achieve impressive cross-lingual performance despite largely monolingual pretraining. While bilingual data in pretraining corpora is widely believed to enable these abilities, details of its contributions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Jiandong Shao , Raphael Tang , Crystina Zhang , Karin Sevegnani , Pontus Stenetorp , Jianfei Yang , Yao Lu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, but their success heavily relies on the quality of pretraining corpora. For Chinese LLMs, the scarcity of high-quality Chinese datasets presents a significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Yijiong Yu , Ziyun Dai , Zekun Wang , Wei Wang , Ran Chen , Ji Pei

Traditionally, success in multilingual machine translation can be attributed to three key factors in training data: large volume, diverse translation directions, and high quality. In the current practice of fine-tuning large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Dawei Zhu , Pinzhen Chen , Miaoran Zhang , Barry Haddow , Xiaoyu Shen , Dietrich Klakow

Despite cross-lingual generalization demonstrated by pre-trained multilingual models, the translate-train paradigm of transferring English datasets across multiple languages remains to be a key mechanism for training task-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Abhijeet Awasthi , Nitish Gupta , Bidisha Samanta , Shachi Dave , Sunita Sarawagi , Partha Talukdar

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with cross-lingual tasks due to data imbalances between high-resource and low-resource languages, as well as monolingual bias in pre-training. Existing methods, such as bilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Weihua Zheng , Chang Liu , Zhengyuan Liu , Xin Huang , Kui Wu , Muhammad Huzaifah Md Shahrin , Aiti Aw , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

High-quality multilingual training data is essential for effectively pretraining large language models (LLMs). Yet, the availability of suitable open-source multilingual datasets remains limited. Existing state-of-the-art datasets mostly…

Zero-shot cross-lingual transfer by fine-tuning multilingual pretrained models shows promise for low-resource languages, but often suffers from misalignment of internal representations between languages. We hypothesize that even when the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Ryokan Ri , Shun Kiyono , Sho Takase

Large language models (LLMs) offer promise in generating educational content, providing instructor feedback, and reducing teacher workload on assessments. While prior studies have focused on studying LLM-powered learning analytics, limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Anand Syamkumar , Nora Tseng , Kaycie Barron , Shanglin Yang , Shamya Karumbaiah , Rheeya Uppal , Junjie Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently exploded in popularity, often matching or outperforming human abilities on many tasks. One of the key factors in training LLMs is the availability and curation of high-quality data. Data quality is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Vlad Negoita , Mihai Masala , Traian Rebedea

Despite advancements in English-dominant generative large language models, further development is needed for low-resource languages to enhance global accessibility. The primary methods for representing these languages are monolingual and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Cagri Toraman

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong machine translation capabilities on languages they are trained on. However, the impact of factors beyond training data size on translation performance remains a topic of debate, especially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Ryandito Diandaru , Lucky Susanto , Zilu Tang , Ayu Purwarianti , Derry Wijaya

In this paper, we introduce CodingTeachLLM, a large language model (LLM) designed for coding teaching. Specially, we aim to enhance the coding ability of LLM and lead it to better teaching mode in education context. Thus, we propose an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Zhangquan Chen , Chunjiang Liu , Haobin Duan

Due to limited supervised training data, large language models (LLMs) are typically pre-trained via a self-supervised "predict the next word" objective on a vast amount of unstructured text data. To make the resulting model useful to users,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ajay Patel , Colin Raffel , Chris Callison-Burch

Most languages lack sufficient data for large-scale monolingual pretraining, creating a "data wall." Multilingual pretraining helps but is limited by language imbalance and the "curse of multilinguality." An alternative is to translate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Dan John Velasco , Matthew Theodore Roque

This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the latest research on multilingual large language models (MLLMs). MLLMs not only are able to understand and generate language across linguistic boundaries, but also represent an important…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Shaolin Zhu , Supryadi , Shaoyang Xu , Haoran Sun , Leiyu Pan , Menglong Cui , Jiangcun Du , Renren Jin , António Branco , Deyi Xiong