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The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) heralds a pivotal shift in online user interactions with information. Traditional Information Retrieval (IR) systems primarily relied on query-document matching, whereas LLMs excel in comprehending…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Samira Ghodratnama , Mehrdad Zakershahrak

Large language models have demonstrated impressive retrieval-augmented capabilities. However, a crucial area remains underexplored: their ability to appropriately adapt responses to the certainty of the retrieved information. It is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Behzad Shayegh , Mohamed Osama Ahmed , Fred Tung , Leo Feng

In realistic retrieval settings with large and evolving knowledge bases, the total number of documents relevant to a query is typically unknown, and recall cannot be computed. In this paper, we evaluate several established strategies for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Shelly Schwartz , Oleg Vasilyev , Randy Sawaya

Large language models (LLMs) are initially pretrained for broad capabilities and then finetuned with instruction-following datasets to improve their performance in interacting with humans. Despite advances in finetuning, a standardized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Yihan Cao , Yanbin Kang , Chi Wang , Lichao Sun

As the online learning landscape evolves, the need for personalization is increasingly evident. Although educational resources are burgeoning, educators face challenges selecting materials that both align with intended learning outcomes and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Mohammadreza Molavi , Mohammad Moein , Mohammadreza Tavakoli , Abdolali Faraji , Stefan T. Mol , Gábor Kismihók

Recent studies indicate that dense retrieval models struggle to perform well on a wide variety of retrieval tasks that lack dedicated training data, as different retrieval tasks often entail distinct search intents. To address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Kaihang Pan , Juncheng Li , Wenjie Wang , Hao Fei , Hongye Song , Wei Ji , Jun Lin , Xiaozhong Liu , Tat-Seng Chua , Siliang Tang

Human relevance assessment is time-consuming and cognitively intensive, limiting the scalability of Information Retrieval evaluation. This has led to growing interest in using large language models (LLMs) as proxies for human judges.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Chuting Yu , Hang Li , Guido Zuccon , Joel Mackenzie , Teerapong Leelanupab

Evaluation is fundamental in optimizing search experiences and supporting diverse user intents in Information Retrieval (IR). Traditional search evaluation methods primarily rely on relevance labels, which assess how well retrieved…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Mouly Dewan , Jiqun Liu , Aditya Gautam , Chirag Shah

The instruction hierarchy, which establishes a priority order from system messages to user messages, conversation history, and tool outputs, is essential for ensuring consistent and safe behavior in language models (LMs). Despite its…

In-Context Learning (ICL) enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform new tasks by conditioning on prompts with relevant information. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances ICL by incorporating retrieved documents into the LLM's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Marie Al Ghossein , Emile Contal , Alexandre Robicquet

Effective conversational search demands a deep understanding of user intent across multiple dialogue turns. Users frequently use abbreviations and shift topics in the middle of conversations, posing challenges for conventional retrievers.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Seunghan Yang , Juntae Lee , Jihwan Bang , Kyuhong Shim , Minsoo Kim , Simyung Chang

Relevance modeling is a critical component for enhancing user experience in search engines, with the primary objective of identifying items that align with users' queries. Traditional models only rely on the semantic congruence between…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Zeyuan Chen , Haiyan Wu , Kaixin Wu , Wei Chen , Mingjie Zhong , Jia Xu , Zhongyi Liu , Wei Zhang

Small language models (SLMs) enable low-cost, private, on-device inference, but they often fail on problems that require specialized domain knowledge or multi-step reasoning. Existing approaches for improving reasoning either rely on scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Kenan Alkiek , David Jurgens , Vinod Vydiswaran

In the past decades, recommender systems have attracted much attention in both research and industry communities, and a large number of studies have been devoted to developing effective recommendation models. Basically speaking, these…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Junjie Zhang , Ruobing Xie , Yupeng Hou , Wayne Xin Zhao , Leyu Lin , Ji-Rong Wen

The ability of large language models (LLMs) to follow user instructions is central to their reliability, safety, and usefulness. While prior studies assess instruction adherence in the model's main responses, we argue that it is also…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Yongchan Kwon , Shang Zhu , Federico Bianchi , Kaitlyn Zhou , James Zou

Instruction-tuning can be substantially optimized through enhanced diversity, resulting in models capable of handling a broader spectrum of tasks. However, existing data employed for such tuning often exhibit an inadequate coverage of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Fanqi Wan , Xinting Huang , Tao Yang , Xiaojun Quan , Wei Bi , Shuming Shi

Recent advances in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have substantially expanded the capabilities of multimodal retrieval, enabling systems to align and retrieve information across visual and textual modalities. Yet, existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xuan Lu , Kangle Li , Haohang Huang , Rui Meng , Wenjun Zeng , Xiaoyu Shen

AI agents augment large language models with external tools such as web retrieval, enabling grounded and up-to-date responses. However, incorporating external content into the generation pipeline can weaken the safety alignment mechanisms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Aditya Nawal , Manit Baser , Mohan Gurusamy

Effective information searching is essential for enhancing the reasoning and generation capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Recent research has explored using reinforcement learning (RL) to improve LLMs' search capabilities by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Hao Sun , Zile Qiao , Jiayan Guo , Xuanbo Fan , Yingyan Hou , Yong Jiang , Pengjun Xie , Yan Zhang , Fei Huang , Jingren Zhou

Information retrieval models have witnessed a paradigm shift from unsupervised statistical approaches to feature-based supervised approaches to completely data-driven ones that make use of the pre-training of large language models. While…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Saran Pandian , Debasis Ganguly , Sean MacAvaney