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Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are energy efficient alternatives to commonly used deep neural networks (DNNs). Through event-driven information processing, SNNs can reduce the expensive compute requirements of DNNs considerably, while…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Sayeed Shafayet Chowdhury , Nitin Rathi , Kaushik Roy

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are biologically inspired energy-efficient models that use sparse binary spike-based communication between neurons, making them attractive for resource-constrained edge devices. Federated learning enables such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Sanja Karilanova , Subhrakanti Dey , Ayça Özçelikkale

Spiking neural networks (SNNs), a brain-inspired computing paradigm, are emerging for their inference performance, particularly in terms of energy efficiency and latency attributed to the plasticity in signal processing. To deploy SNNs in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-15 Sizhen Bian , Elisa Donati , Michele Magno

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are distributed trainable systems whose computing elements, or neurons, are characterized by internal analog dynamics and by digital and sparse synaptic communications. The sparsity of the synaptic spiking…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-22 Hyeryung Jang , Osvaldo Simeone , Brian Gardner , André Grüning

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) with event-based computation are promising brain-inspired models for energy-efficient applications on neuromorphic hardware. However, most supervised SNN training methods, such as conversion from artificial…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Mingqing Xiao , Qingyan Meng , Zongpeng Zhang , Yisen Wang , Zhouchen Lin

Spiking Neural Network (SNN), as a brain-inspired and energy-efficient network, is currently facing the pivotal challenge of exploring a suitable and efficient learning framework. The predominant training methodologies, namely…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zecheng Hao , Qichao Ma , Kang Chen , Yi Zhang , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer promising energy efficiency advantages, particularly when processing sparse spike trains. However, their incompatibility with traditional datasets, which consist of batches of input vectors rather than…

One of the key challenges in training Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) is that target outputs typically come in the form of natural signals, such as labels for classification or images for generative models, and need to be encoded into…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Nicolas Skatchkovsky , Osvaldo Simeone , Hyeryung Jang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) represent the latest generation of neural computation, offering a brain-inspired alternative to conventional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Unlike ANNs, which depend on continuous-valued signals, SNNs…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Sales G. Aribe

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are receiving increasing attention due to their low power consumption and strong bio-plausibility. Optimization of SNNs is a challenging task. Two main methods, artificial neural network (ANN)-to-SNN…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Chunming Jiang , Yilei Zhang

In recent years, spiking neural networks (SNNs) have been used in reinforcement learning (RL) due to their low power consumption and event-driven features. However, spiking reinforcement learning (SRL), which suffers from fixed coding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Lang Qin , Rui Yan , Huajin Tang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are highly energy-efficient due to event-driven, sparse computation, but their training is challenged by spike non-differentiability and trade-offs among performance, efficiency, and biological plausibility.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zihan Huang , Zijie Xu , Yihan Huang , Shanshan Jia , Tong Bu , Yiting Dong , Wenxuan Liu , Jianhao Ding , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise energy-efficient computation by mimicking biological neural dynamics, yet existing plasticity rules focus on isolated spike pairs and fail to leverage the synchronous activity patterns that drive…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Yuchen Tian , Assel Kembay , Samuel Tensingh , Nhan Duy Truong , Jason K. Eshraghian , Omid Kavehei

Memristor-based Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) with temporal spike encoding enable ultra-low-energy computation, making them ideal for battery-powered intelligent devices. This paper presents a circuit-level memristive spiking neural…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Santlal Prajapati , Susmita Sur-Kolay , Soumyadeep Dutta

Larger Spiking Neural Network (SNN) models are typically favorable as they can offer higher accuracy. However, employing such models on the resource- and energy-constrained embedded platforms is inefficient. Towards this, we present a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Muhammad Shafique

As spiking neural networks (SNNs) are event-driven, energy efficiency is higher than conventional artificial neural networks (ANNs). Since SNN delivers data through discrete spikes, it is difficult to use gradient methods for training,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Sangwoo Hwang , Jaeha Kung

A long-standing proposition is that by emulating the operation of the brain's neocortex, a spiking neural network (SNN) can achieve similar desirable features: flexible learning, speed, and efficiency. Temporal neural networks (TNNs) are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-02-24 James E. Smith

Eye-based emotion recognition enables eyewear devices to perceive users' emotional states and support emotion-aware interaction. However, deploying such functionality on their resource-limited embedded hardware remains challenging.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Qianhui Liu , Jing Yang , Miao Yu , Trevor E. Carlson , Gang Pan , Haizhou Li , Zhumin Chen

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a promising solution to the problem of increasing computational and energy requirements for modern Machine Learning (ML) applications. Due to their unique data representation choice of using spikes and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Daniel Windhager , Lothar Ratschbacher , Bernhard A. Moser , Michael Lunglmayr

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are brain-inspired models that enable energy-efficient implementation on neuromorphic hardware. However, the supervised training of SNNs remains a hard problem due to the discontinuity of the spiking neuron…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Mingqing Xiao , Qingyan Meng , Zongpeng Zhang , Yisen Wang , Zhouchen Lin