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Active learning (AL) accelerates scientific discovery by prioritizing the most informative experiments, but traditional machine learning (ML) models used in AL suffer from cold-start limitations and domain-specific feature engineering,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Hongchen Wang , Rafael Espinosa Castañeda , Jay R. Werber , Yao Fehlis , Edward Kim , Jason Hattrick-Simpers

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 and Llama have shown remarkable capabilities in a variety of software engineering tasks. Despite the advancements, their practical deployment faces challenges, including high financial costs, long…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Yueyue Liu , Hongyu Zhang , Yuantian Miao

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate robust capabilities across various fields, leading to a paradigm shift in LLM-enhanced Recommender System (RS). Research to date focuses on point-wise and pair-wise recommendation paradigms, which…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Wen-Shuo Chao , Zhi Zheng , Hengshu Zhu , Hao Liu

The proliferation of time series foundation models has created a landscape where no single method achieves consistent superiority, framing the central challenge not as finding the best model, but as orchestrating an optimal ensemble with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Defu Cao , Michael Gee , Jinbo Liu , Hengxuan Wang , Wei Yang , Rui Wang , Yan Liu

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have intensified the need to deliver both rapid responses and high-quality outputs. More powerful models yield better results but incur higher inference latency, whereas smaller models are…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Youhe Jiang , Fangcheng Fu , Wanru Zhao , Stephan Rabanser , Jintao Zhang , Nicholas D. Lane , Binhang Yuan

Large Language Models (LLMs), typified by OpenAI's GPT, have marked a significant advancement in artificial intelligence. Trained on vast amounts of text data, LLMs are capable of understanding and generating human-like text across a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Haochen Zhang , Yuyang Dong , Chuan Xiao , Masafumi Oyamada

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in natural language processing but exhibit significant performance gaps among different languages. Most existing approaches to address these disparities rely on pretraining or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Weixuan Wang , Minghao Wu , Barry Haddow , Alexandra Birch

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in real-time voice chat applications, typically in combination with text-to-speech (TTS) systems to generate audio responses. However, their large size often leads to noticeable latency between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Shufan Li , Aditya Grover

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) power platforms like ChatGPT, Gemini, and Copilot, enabling richer interactions with text, images, and videos. These heterogeneous workloads introduce additional inference stages, such as vision…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Konstantinos Papaioannou , Thaleia Dimitra Doudali

Recent advances in agentic large language models (LLMs) have substantially improved Text-to-SQL, enabling users without database expertise to query databases intuitively. However, deploying agentic LLM-based Text-to-SQL systems in…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-10 You Peng , Youhe Jiang , Wenqi Jiang , Chen Wang , Binhang Yuan

Efficiently deploying large language models (LLMs) in real-world scenarios remains a critical challenge, primarily due to hardware heterogeneity, inference framework limitations, and workload complexities.Efficiently deploying large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Yanyu Chen , Ganhong Huang

The rapid development of large language models (LLM) has greatly enhanced everyday applications. While many FPGA-based accelerators, with flexibility for fine-grained data control, exhibit superior speed and energy efficiency compared to…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Zifan He , Shengyu Ye , Rui Ma , Yang Wang , Jason Cong

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive ability in handling reasoning tasks. However, unlike humans who can instinctively adapt their problem-solving strategies to the complexity of task, most LLM-based methods adopt a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Jianpeng Zhou , Wanjun Zhong , Yanlin Wang , Jiahai Wang

Global cloud service providers handle inference workloads for Large Language Models (LLMs) that span latency-sensitive (e.g., chatbots) and insensitive (e.g., report writing) tasks, resulting in diverse and often conflicting Service Level…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Shashwat Jaiswal , Kunal Jain , Yogesh Simmhan , Anjaly Parayil , Ankur Mallick , Rujia Wang , Renee St. Amant , Chetan Bansal , Victor Rühle , Anoop Kulkarni , Steve Kofsky , Saravan Rajmohan

The efficient deployment of large language models (LLMs) in online settings requires optimizing inference performance under stringent latency constraints, particularly the time-to-first-token (TTFT) and time-per-output-token (TPOT). This…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Gregory Dexter , Shao Tang , Ata Fatahi Baarzi , Qingquan Song , Tejas Dharamsi , Aman Gupta

Language is essentially a complex, intricate system of human expressions governed by grammatical rules. It poses a significant challenge to develop capable AI algorithms for comprehending and grasping a language. As a major approach,…

Recent breakthroughs in Large-scale language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on various tasks. The immense sizes of LLMs have led to very high resource demand and cost for running the models. Though the models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Juntao Zhao , Borui Wan , Yanghua Peng , Haibin Lin , Chuan Wu

Recent large language models (LLMs) are promising for making decisions in grounded environments. However, LLMs frequently fail in complex decision-making tasks due to the misalignment between the pre-trained knowledge in LLMs and the actual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Siqi Ouyang , Lei Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on inference-time reasoning algorithms such as chain-of-thought and multi-branch reasoning to improve accuracy on complex tasks. These methods, however, substantially increase token usage and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Weifan Jiang , Rana Shahout , Yilun Du , Michael Mitzenmacher , Minlan Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in time-critical systems, such as robotics, autonomous driving, embodied intelligence, and industrial automation, where generating accurate responses within a given time budget is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Qi Fan , An Zou , Yehan Ma