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Large language models (LLMs) now exhibit strong multi-step reasoning abilities, but existing inference-time scaling methods remain computationally expensive, often relying on extensive sampling or external evaluators. We propose a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Nicolas Legrand , Kenneth Enevoldsen , Márton Kardos , Kristoffer Nielbo

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have resulted in increasingly anthropomorphic language concerning the ability of LLMs to reason. Whether reasoning in LLMs should be understood to be inherently different is, however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Bertram Højer , Oliver Jarvis , Stefan Heinrich

Despite the recent advancement in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems, most retrieval methodologies are often developed for factual retrieval, which assumes query and positive documents are semantically similar. In this paper, we…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Luo Ji , Feixiang Guo , Teng Chen , Qingqing Gu , Xiaoyu Wang , Ningyuan Xi , Yihong Wang , Peng Yu , Yue Zhao , Hongyang Lei , Zhonglin Jiang , Yong Chen

One critical challenge for large language models (LLMs) for making complex reasoning is their reliance on matching reasoning patterns from training data, instead of proactively selecting the most appropriate cognitive strategy to solve a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Qin Liu , Wenxuan Zhou , Nan Xu , James Y. Huang , Fei Wang , Sheng Zhang , Hoifung Poon , Muhao Chen

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate their promise in tackling complicated practical challenges by combining action-based policies with chain of thought (CoT) reasoning. Having high-quality prompts on hand, however, is vital to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Xue Yan , Yan Song , Xinyu Cui , Filippos Christianos , Haifeng Zhang , David Henry Mguni , Jun Wang

Recent Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced natural language processing and automated decision-making. However, these models still encounter difficulties when performing complex reasoning tasks involving logical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Yubo Dong , Hehe Fan

Recently, Diffusion Large Language Models (dLLMs) have demonstrated unique efficiency advantages, enabled by their inherently parallel decoding mechanism and flexible generation paradigm. Meanwhile, despite the rapid advancement of Search…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jiahao Zhao , Shaoxuan Xu , Zhongxiang Sun , Fengqi Zhu , Jingyang Ou , Yuling Shi , Chongxuan Li , Xiao Zhang , Jun Xu

Table Question Answering (TQA) aims to answer natural language questions over structured tables. Large Language Models (LLMs) enable promising solutions to this problem, with operator-centric solutions that generate table manipulation…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Fengyu Li , Junhao Zhu , Kaishi Song , Lu Chen , Zhongming Yao , Tianyi Li , Christian S. Jensen

Large language models (LLMs) excel in natural language generation but often confidently produce incorrect responses, especially in tasks like mathematical reasoning. Chain-of-thought prompting, self-verification, and multi-agent debate are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Mahmood Hegazy

The development of LLMs has greatly enhanced the intelligence and fluency of question answering, while the emergence of retrieval enhancement has enabled models to better utilize external information. However, the presence of noise and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Xingyun Hong , Yan Shao , Zhilin Wang , Manni Duan , Jin Xiongnan

Agents equipped with search tools have emerged as effective solutions for knowledge-intensive tasks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong reasoning capabilities, their high computational cost limits practical deployment for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yizhou Liu , Qi Sun , Yulin Chen , Siyue Zhang , Chen Zhao

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has substantially influenced natural language processing, demonstrating exceptional results across various tasks. In this study, we employ ``Introspective Tips" to facilitate LLMs in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Liting Chen , Lu Wang , Hang Dong , Yali Du , Jie Yan , Fangkai Yang , Shuang Li , Pu Zhao , Si Qin , Saravan Rajmohan , Qingwei Lin , Dongmei Zhang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by retrieving relevant documents from external sources and incorporating them into the context. While it improves reliability by providing factual texts, it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Yuqiao Tan , Shizhu He , Huanxuan Liao , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

Best-of-N selection is a key technique for improving the reasoning performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) through increased test-time computation. Current state-of-the-art methods often employ computationally intensive reward models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Zhewei Kang , Xuandong Zhao , Dawn Song

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable reasoning and planning capabilities. Most prior work in this area has used LLMs to reason through steps from an initial to a goal state or criterion, thereby effectively reasoning in a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Allen Z. Ren , Brian Ichter , Anirudha Majumdar

Recent reasoning Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable problem-solving abilities but often generate long thinking traces whose utility is unclear. Our work aims to improve their efficiency, enabling them to reach high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Xiang Liu , Xuming Hu , Xiaowen Chu , Eunsol Choi

Large language Models (LLMs) are usually used to answer questions, but many high-stakes applications (e.g., tutoring, clinical support) require the complementary skill of asking questions: detecting missing information, requesting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Rajeev Bhatt Ambati , Tianyi Niu , Aashu Singh , Shlok Mishra , Snigdha Chaturvedi , Shashank Srivastava

Questions are essential tools for acquiring the necessary information to complete information-seeking tasks. However, large language models (LLMs), especially open-source models, often perform poorly in generating informative questions, as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Davide Mazzaccara , Alberto Testoni , Raffaella Bernardi

Prompt learning is an effective way to exploit the potential of large-scale pre-trained foundational models. Continuous prompts parameterize context tokens in prompts by turning them into differentiable vectors. Deep continuous prompts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Zhenhan Huang , Tejaswini Pedapati , Pin-Yu Chen , Jianxi Gao

Large Language Models (LLMs) trained with reinforcement learning and verifiable rewards have achieved strong results on complex reasoning tasks. Recent work extends this paradigm to a multi-agent setting, where a meta-thinking agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Zhiwei Zhang , Xiaomin Li , Yudi Lin , Hui Liu , Ramraj Chandradevan , Linlin Wu , Minhua Lin , Fali Wang , Xianfeng Tang , Qi He , Suhang Wang
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