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Related papers: The Belief State Transformer

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Tracking entities in procedural language requires understanding the transformations arising from actions on entities as well as those entities' interactions. While self-attention-based pre-trained language encoders like GPT and BERT have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Aditya Gupta , Greg Durrett

Long reasoning traces need reliability estimates before final answers are known. We study prefix-conditioned eventual-success estimation, $P(y=1 \mid o_{1:t})$, using prefix-safe observations. Sequential Bayesian Belief Tracking (SBBT)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zhenghan Song , Yunyi Li , Yulong Liu

We introduce a framework that abstracts Reinforcement Learning (RL) as a sequence modeling problem. This allows us to draw upon the simplicity and scalability of the Transformer architecture, and associated advances in language modeling…

Reinforcement learning in partially observable environments is typically challenging, as it requires agents to learn an estimate of the underlying system state. These challenges are exacerbated in multi-agent settings, where agents learn…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Paul J. Pritz , Kin K. Leung

Belief revision is the process in which an agent incorporates a new piece of information together with a pre-existing set of beliefs. When the new information comes in the form of a report from another agent, then it is clear that we must…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-05-02 Aaron Hunter

We conjecture that hidden state vectors corresponding to individual input tokens encode information sufficient to accurately predict several tokens ahead. More concretely, in this paper we ask: Given a hidden (internal) representation of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Koyena Pal , Jiuding Sun , Andrew Yuan , Byron C. Wallace , David Bau

The dissemination of fake news on social networks has drawn public need for effective and efficient fake news detection methods. Generally, fake news on social networks is multi-modal and has various connections with other entities such as…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Tianle Li , Yushi Sun , Shang-ling Hsu , Yanjia Li , Raymond Chi-Wing Wong

Pre-trained language models demonstrate general intelligence and common sense, but long inputs quickly become a bottleneck for memorizing information at inference time. We resurface a simple method, Memorizing Transformers (Wu et al.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Phoebe Klett , Thomas Ahle

Transformers are arguably the main workhorse in recent Natural Language Processing research. By definition a Transformer is invariant with respect to reordering of the input. However, language is inherently sequential and word order is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Philipp Dufter , Martin Schmitt , Hinrich Schütze

In the field of knowledge representation, the considered epistemic states are often based on propositional interpretations, also called worlds. E.g., epistemic states of agents can be modelled by ranking functions or total preorders on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Jonas Haldimann , Christoph Beierle

This thesis presents a broad-coverage probabilistic top-down parser, and its application to the problem of language modeling for speech recognition. The parser builds fully connected derivations incrementally, in a single pass from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Brian Roark

Transformer language models (LMs) exhibit behaviors -- from storytelling to code generation -- that seem to require tracking the unobserved state of an evolving world. How do they do this? We study state tracking in LMs trained or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Belinda Z. Li , Zifan Carl Guo , Jacob Andreas

Recently, Transformer-based encoder-decoder models have demonstrated strong performance in multilingual speech recognition. However, the decoder's autoregressive nature and large size introduce significant bottlenecks during inference.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-28 Yunkyu Lim , Jihwan Park , Hyung Yong Kim , Hanbin Lee , Byeong-Yeol Kim

The exponential rise of social media and digital news in the past decade has had the unfortunate consequence of escalating what the United Nations has called a global topic of concern: the growing prevalence of disinformation. Given the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-28 Chris Dulhanty , Jason L. Deglint , Ibrahim Ben Daya , Alexander Wong

Finite-State Transducers (FSTs) are effective models for string-to-string rewriting tasks, often providing the efficiency necessary for high-performance applications, but constructing transducers by hand is difficult. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Michael Ginn , Alexis Palmer , Mans Hulden

Transformers encode structure in sequences via an expanding contextual history. However, their purely feedforward architecture fundamentally limits dynamic state tracking. State tracking -- the iterative updating of latent variables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Michael C. Mozer , Shoaib Ahmed Siddiqui , Rosanne Liu

Transformers have become an indispensable module for text generation models since their great success in machine translation. Previous works attribute the~success of transformers to the query-key-value dot-product attention, which provides…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Lei Sha , Yuhang Song , Yordan Yordanov , Tommaso Salvatori , Thomas Lukasiewicz

Natural languages are believed to be (mildly) context-sensitive. Despite underpinning remarkably capable large language models, transformers are unable to model many context-free language tasks. In an attempt to address this limitation in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Jiaoda Li , Jennifer C. White , Mrinmaya Sachan , Ryan Cotterell

Transformer-based Neural Language Models achieve state-of-the-art performance on various natural language processing tasks. However, an open question is the extent to which these models rely on word-order/syntactic or word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Vasudevan Nedumpozhimana , John D. Kelleher

We propose a new model for multi-token prediction in transformers, aiming to enhance sampling efficiency without compromising accuracy. Motivated by recent work that predicts the probabilities of subsequent tokens using multiple heads, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Artem Basharin , Andrei Chertkov , Ivan Oseledets