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Related papers: Improving Uncertainty Quantification in Large Lang…

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Large Language Diffusion Models (LLDMs) are emerging as an alternative to autoregressive models, offering faster inference through higher parallelism. Similar to autoregressive LLMs, they remain prone to hallucinations, making reliable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Artem Vazhentsev , Vladislav Smirnov , David Li , Maxim Panov , Timothy Baldwin , Artem Shelmanov

This paper investigates the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the context of understanding their knowledge and uncertainty over questions. Specifically, we focus on addressing known-unknown questions, characterized by high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Alfonso Amayuelas , Kyle Wong , Liangming Pan , Wenhu Chen , William Wang

We study the feasibility of identifying epistemic uncertainty (reflecting a lack of knowledge), as opposed to aleatoric uncertainty (reflecting entropy in the underlying distribution), in the outputs of large language models (LLMs) over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Gustaf Ahdritz , Tian Qin , Nikhil Vyas , Boaz Barak , Benjamin L. Edelman

Reliable uncertainty quantification (UQ) is essential for deploying large language models (LLMs) in safety-critical scenarios, as it enables them to abstain from responding when uncertain, thereby avoiding hallucinations, i.e., plausible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Xingtao Zhao , Hao Peng , Dingli Su , Xianghua Zeng , Chunyang Liu , Jinzhi Liao , Philip S. Yu

Since the amount of information on the internet is growing rapidly, it is not easy for a user to find relevant information for his/her query. To tackle this issue, much attention has been paid to Automatic Document Summarization. The key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Kamal Al-Sabahi , Zhang Zuping , Yang Kang

Understanding what knowledge is implicitly encoded in deep learning models is essential for improving the interpretability of AI systems. This paper examines common methods to explain the knowledge encoded in word embeddings, which are core…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Hanna Herasimchyk , Alhassan Abdelhalim , Sören Laue , Michaela Regneri

Ambiguous words are often found in modern digital communications. Lexical ambiguity challenges traditional Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) methods, due to limited data. Consequently, the efficiency of translation, information retrieval, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 T. G. D. K. Sumanathilaka , Nicholas Micallef , Julian Hough

As a sequence-to-sequence generation task, neural machine translation (NMT) naturally contains intrinsic uncertainty, where a single sentence in one language has multiple valid counterparts in the other. However, the dominant methods for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Xiangpeng Wei , Heng Yu , Yue Hu , Rongxiang Weng , Luxi Xing , Weihua Luo

Embedding models are crucial for various natural language processing tasks but can be limited by factors such as limited vocabulary, lack of context, and grammatical errors. This paper proposes a novel approach to improve embedding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Nicholas Harris , Anand Butani , Syed Hashmy

Uncertainty estimation is crucial for the reliability of safety-critical human and artificial intelligence (AI) interaction systems, particularly in the domain of healthcare engineering. However, a robust and general uncertainty measure for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Zhiyuan Wang , Jinhao Duan , Chenxi Yuan , Qingyu Chen , Tianlong Chen , Yue Zhang , Ren Wang , Xiaoshuang Shi , Kaidi Xu

Empowering large language models to accurately express confidence in their answers is essential for trustworthy decision-making. Previous confidence elicitation methods, which primarily rely on white-box access to internal model information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Miao Xiong , Zhiyuan Hu , Xinyang Lu , Yifei Li , Jie Fu , Junxian He , Bryan Hooi

Answering logical queries over incomplete knowledge bases is challenging because: 1) it calls for implicit link prediction, and 2) brute force answering of existential first-order logic queries is exponential in the number of existential…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Francois Luus , Prithviraj Sen , Pavan Kapanipathi , Ryan Riegel , Ndivhuwo Makondo , Thabang Lebese , Alexander Gray

To leverage the full potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) it is crucial to have some information on their answers' uncertainty. This means that the model has to be able to quantify how certain it is in the correctness of a given…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Mirko Borszukovszki , Ivo Pascal de Jong , Matias Valdenegro-Toro

Accurately quantifying a large language model's (LLM) predictive uncertainty is crucial for judging the reliability of its answers. While most existing research focuses on short, directly answerable questions with closed-form outputs (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Yinghao Li , Rushi Qiang , Lama Moukheiber , Chao Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) often generate responses that are factually incorrect yet expressed with high confidence, which can pose serious risks for end users. To address this, it is essential for LLMs not only to produce answers but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Thuy An Ha , Bao Quoc Vo

The Large language models (LLMs) have showcased superior capabilities in sophisticated tasks across various domains, stemming from basic question-answer (QA), they are nowadays used as decision assistants or explainers for unfamiliar…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Longchao Da , Tiejin Chen , Lu Cheng , Hua Wei

Consistency-based methods have emerged as an effective approach to uncertainty quantification (UQ) in large language models. These methods typically rely on several generations obtained via multinomial sampling, measuring their agreement…

Over the last year, Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT have become widely available and have exhibited fairness issues similar to those in previous machine learning systems. Current research is primarily focused on analyzing and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Anna Kruspe

Semantically meaningful sentence embeddings are important for numerous tasks in natural language processing. To obtain such embeddings, recent studies explored the idea of utilizing synthetically generated data from pretrained language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Taehee Kim , ChaeHun Park , Jimin Hong , Radhika Dua , Edward Choi , Jaegul Choo

To enhance Large Language Models' (LLMs) reliability, calibration is essential -- the model's assessed confidence scores should align with the actual likelihood of its responses being correct. However, current confidence elicitation methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Yukun Huang , Yixin Liu , Raghuveer Thirukovalluru , Arman Cohan , Bhuwan Dhingra
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