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Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in recent years, driving their adoption across a wide range of domains, including computer security. In reverse engineering, LLMs are increasingly applied to critical tasks such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jun Yeon Won , Xin Jin , Shiqing Ma , Zhiqiang Lin

Binary Function Similarity (BFS), the problem of determining whether two binary functions originate from the same source code, has been extensively studied in recent research across security, software engineering, and machine learning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Gianluca Capozzi , Anna Paola Giancaspro , Fabio Petroni , Leonardo Querzoni , Giuseppe Antonio Di Luna

The binary similarity problem consists in determining if two functions are similar by only considering their compiled form. Advanced techniques for binary similarity recently gained momentum as they can be applied in several fields, such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-12-20 Luca Massarelli , Giuseppe Antonio Di Luna , Fabio Petroni , Leonardo Querzoni , Roberto Baldoni

Binary code similarity detection is a core task in reverse engineering. It supports malware analysis and vulnerability discovery by identifying semantically similar code in different contexts. Modern methods have progressed from manually…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Charles E. Gagnon , Steven H. H. Ding , Philippe Charland , Benjamin C. M. Fung

Binary code similarity comparison is a methodology for identifying similar or identical code fragments in binary programs. It is indispensable in fields of software engineering and security, which has many important applications (e.g.,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Yikun Hu , Hui Wang , Yuanyuan Zhang , Bodong Li , Dawu Gu

Binary code similarity analysis (BCSA) is widely used for diverse security applications, including plagiarism detection, software license violation detection, and vulnerability discovery. Despite the surging research interest in BCSA, it is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Dongkwan Kim , Eunsoo Kim , Sang Kil Cha , Sooel Son , Yongdae Kim

Binary function similarity, which often relies on learning-based algorithms to identify what functions in a pool are most similar to a given query function, is a sought-after topic in different communities, including machine learning,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Gianluca Capozzi , Tong Tang , Jie Wan , Ziqi Yang , Daniele Cono D'Elia , Giuseppe Antonio Di Luna , Lorenzo Cavallaro , Leonardo Querzoni

Binary function similarity detection plays an important role in a wide range of security applications. Existing works usually assume that the query function and target function share equal semantics and compare their full semantics to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Ang Jia , Ming Fan , Xi Xu , Wuxia Jin , Haijun Wang , Ting Liu

Function-level binary code similarity detection is a crucial aspect of cybersecurity. It enables the detection of bugs and patent infringements in released software and plays a pivotal role in preventing supply chain attacks. A practical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Sun RuiJin , Guo Shize , Guo Jinhong , Li Wei , Zhan Dazhi , Sun Meng , Pan Zhisong

Binary Function Similarity Detection (BFSD) is a core problem in software security, supporting tasks such as vulnerability analysis, malware classification, and patch provenance. In the past few decades, numerous models and tools have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yiming Fan , Jun Yeon Won , Ding Zhu , Melih Sirlanci , Mahdi Khalili , Carter Yagemann

Binary similarity detection is a critical technique that has been applied in many real-world scenarios where source code is not available, e.g., bug search, malware analysis, and code plagiarism detection. Existing works are ineffective in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Zian Liu , Zhi Zhang , Siqi Ma , Dongxi Liu , Jun Zhang , Chao Chen , Shigang Liu , Muhammad Ejaz Ahmed , Yang Xiang

Binary code analysis plays a pivotal role in the field of software security and is widely used in tasks such as software maintenance, malware detection, software vulnerability discovery, patch analysis, etc. However, unlike source code,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Xiuwei Shang , Zhenkan Fu , Shaoyin Cheng , Guoqiang Chen , Gangyang Li , Li Hu , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu

Binary decompilation aims to recover binaries into high-level source code, but existing evaluations mainly rely on syntactic similarity or single-axis readability metrics, which fail to capture practical reusability. We propose a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Puzhuo Liu , Yuhan Huang , Jianlei Chi , Peng Di , Yu Jiang

Mutation analysis is an effective technique to evaluate a test suite adequacy in terms of revealing unforeseen bugs in software. Traditional source- or IR-level mutation analysis is not applicable to the software only available in binary…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Mohsen Ahmadi , Pantea Kiaei , Navid Emamdoost

Decompilers are fundamental tools for critical security tasks, from vulnerability discovery to malware analysis, yet their evaluation remains fragmented. Existing approaches primarily focus on syntactic correctness through synthetic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Zeyu Gao , Yuxin Cui , Hao Wang , Siliang Qin , Yuanda Wang , Bolun Zhang , Chao Zhang

Binary code analysis plays a pivotal role in various software security applications, such as software maintenance, malware detection, software vulnerability discovery, patch analysis, etc. However, unlike source code, understanding binary…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Xiuwei Shang , Shaoyin Cheng , Guoqiang Chen , Yanming Zhang , Li Hu , Xiao Yu , Gangyang Li , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu

Binary similarity analysis determines if two binary executables are from the same source program. Existing techniques leverage static and dynamic program features and may utilize advanced Deep Learning techniques. Although they have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Xiangzhe Xu , Zhou Xuan , Shiwei Feng , Siyuan Cheng , Yapeng Ye , Qingkai Shi , Guanhong Tao , Le Yu , Zhuo Zhang , Xiangyu Zhang

In this paper we consider the binary similarity problem that consists in determining if two binary functions are similar only considering their compiled form. This problem is know to be crucial in several application scenarios, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-14 Roberto Baldoni , Giuseppe Antonio Di Luna , Luca Massarelli , Fabio Petroni , Leonardo Querzoni

Binary code clone analysis is an important technique which has a wide range of applications in software engineering (e.g., plagiarism detection, bug detection). The main challenge of the topic lies in the semantics-equivalent code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Yikun Hu , Yuanyuan Zhang , Juanru Li , Hui Wang , Bodong Li , Dawu Gu

Recent advances in LLM-based decompilers have been shown effective to convert low-level binaries into human-readable source code. However, there still lacks a comprehensive benchmark that provides large-scale binary-source function pairs,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Hanzhuo Tan , Xiaolong Tian , Hanrui Qi , Jiaming Liu , Zuchen Gao , Siyi Wang , Qi Luo , Jing Li , Yuqun Zhang
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