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This paper introduces a novel code-to-code search technique that enhances the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) by including both static and dynamic features as well as utilizing both similar and dissimilar examples during…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Anthony Saieva , Saikat Chakraborty , Gail Kaiser

The adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) for code generation in data science offers substantial potential for enhancing tasks such as data manipulation, statistical analysis, and visualization. However, the effectiveness of these models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Nathalia Nascimento , Everton Guimaraes , Sai Sanjna Chintakunta , Santhosh Anitha Boominathan

Foundation models have revolutionized artificial intelligence across numerous domains, yet their transformative potential remains largely untapped in Extreme Multi-label Classification (XMC). Queries in XMC are associated with relevant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Diego Ortego , Marlon Rodríguez , Mario Almagro , Kunal Dahiya , David Jiménez , Juan C. SanMiguel

Background: Leaking sensitive information - such as API keys, tokens, and credentials - in source code remains a persistent security threat. Traditional regex and entropy-based tools often generate high false positives due to limited…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Md Nafiu Rahman , Sadif Ahmed , Zahin Wahab , S M Sohan , Rifat Shahriyar

This study investigates the in-context learning capabilities of various decoder-only transformer-based language models with different model sizes and training data, including GPT2, SmolLM2, OpenELM, TinyLlama, Stable LM, and Gemma 2. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Yen-Che Hsiao , Abhishek Dutta

This survey offers a comprehensive overview of Large Language Models (LLMs) designed for Arabic language and its dialects. It covers key architectures, including encoder-only, decoder-only, and encoder-decoder models, along with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Malak Mashaabi , Shahad Al-Khalifa , Hend Al-Khalifa

Large language models (LLMs) have notably accelerated progress towards artificial general intelligence (AGI), with their impressive zero-shot capacity for user-tailored tasks, endowing them with immense potential across a range of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Wenhai Wang , Zhe Chen , Xiaokang Chen , Jiannan Wu , Xizhou Zhu , Gang Zeng , Ping Luo , Tong Lu , Jie Zhou , Yu Qiao , Jifeng Dai

In this study, we investigate the use of large language models (LLMs), specifically ChatGPT, for structured deductive qualitative coding. While most current research emphasizes inductive coding applications, we address the underexplored…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Angjelin Hila , Elliott Hauser

Large Language Models are essential coding assistants, yet their training is predominantly English-centric. In this study, we evaluate the performance of code language models in non-English contexts, identifying challenges in their adoption…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success in various natural language processing and software engineering tasks, such as code generation. The LLMs are mainly utilized in the prompt-based zero/few-shot paradigm to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Mohamad Khajezade , Jie JW Wu , Fatemeh Hendijani Fard , Gema Rodríguez-Pérez , Mohamed Sami Shehata

Using large language models (LLMs) for source code has recently gained attention. LLMs, such as Transformer-based models like Codex and ChatGPT, have been shown to be highly capable of solving a wide range of programming problems. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Atsushi Shirafuji , Yutaka Watanobe , Takumi Ito , Makoto Morishita , Yuki Nakamura , Yusuke Oda , Jun Suzuki

The use of large language models (LLMs) for automated code generation has emerged as a significant focus within AI research. As these pretrained models continue to evolve, their ability to understand and generate complex code structures has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Nazmus Ashrafi , Salah Bouktif , Mohammed Mediani

While large language models are primarily used on natural language tasks, they have also shown great promise when adapted to new modalities, e.g., for scientific machine learning tasks. Most proposed approaches for such cross-modal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Paloma García-de-Herreros , Philipp Slusallek , Dietrich Klakow , Vagrant Gautam

Both text-to-image generation and large language models (LLMs) have made significant advancements. However, many text-to-image models still employ the somewhat outdated T5 and CLIP as their text encoders. In this work, we investigate the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Andrew Z. Wang , Songwei Ge , Tero Karras , Ming-Yu Liu , Yogesh Balaji

Learned Sparse Retrievers (LSR) have evolved into an effective retrieval strategy that can bridge the gap between traditional keyword-based sparse retrievers and embedding-based dense retrievers. At its core, learned sparse retrievers try…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Meet Doshi , Vishwajeet Kumar , Rudra Murthy , Vignesh P , Jaydeep Sen

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current methods and metrics used to evaluate the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in code generation tasks. With the rapid growth in demand for automated software development,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Liguo Chen , Qi Guo , Hongrui Jia , Zhengran Zeng , Xin Wang , Yijiang Xu , Jian Wu , Yidong Wang , Qing Gao , Jindong Wang , Wei Ye , Shikun Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs)-based text retrieval retrieves documents relevant to search queries based on vector similarities. Documents are pre-encoded offline, while queries arrive in real-time, necessitating an efficient online query…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Guangyuan Ma , Yongliang Ma , Xuanrui Gou , Zhenpeng Su , Ming Zhou , Songlin Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the state-of-the-art in various coding tasks. Beyond directly answering user queries, LLMs can also serve as judges, assessing and comparing the quality of responses generated by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Hongchao Jiang , Yiming Chen , Yushi Cao , Hung-yi Lee , Robby T. Tan

Large Language Models (LLMs) rely on various decoding strategies to generate text, and these choices can significantly affect output quality. In healthcare, where accuracy is critical, the impact of decoding strategies remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Oriana Presacan , Alireza Nik , Vajira Thambawita , Bogdan Ionescu , Michael Riegler

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated their remarkable capabilities in numerous fields. This survey focuses on how LLMs empower users, regardless of their technical background, to use human languages to automatically generate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Nam Huynh , Beiyu Lin