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Graph Neural Network (GNN) has demonstrated extraordinary performance in classifying graph properties. However, due to the selection bias of training and testing data (e.g., training on small graphs and testing on large graphs, or training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Bin Lu , Xiaoying Gan , Ze Zhao , Shiyu Liang , Luoyi Fu , Xinbing Wang , Chenghu Zhou

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have been demonstrated to perform well in graph representation learning, but always lacking in generalization capability when tackling out-of-distribution (OOD) data. Graph invariant learning methods, backed by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Tianrui Jia , Haoyang Li , Cheng Yang , Tao Tao , Chuan Shi

This paper focuses on a significant yet challenging task: out-of-distribution detection (OOD detection), which aims to distinguish and reject test samples with semantic shifts, so as to prevent models trained on in-distribution (ID) data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiang Fang , Arvind Easwaran , Blaise Genest , Ponnuthurai Nagaratnam Suganthan

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization deals with the prevalent learning scenario where test distribution shifts from training distribution. With rising application demands and inherent complexity, graph OOD problems call for specialized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Xiner Li , Shurui Gui , Youzhi Luo , Shuiwang Ji

Distribution shifts on graphs -- the data distribution discrepancies between training and testing a graph machine learning model, are often ubiquitous and unavoidable in real-world scenarios. Such shifts may severely deteriorate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Shuhan Liu , Kaize Ding

Deep learning on graphs has shown remarkable success across numerous applications, including social networks, bio-physics, traffic networks, and recommendation systems. Regardless of their successes, current methods frequently depend on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Itay Niv , Neta Rabin

In the context of modern machine learning, models deployed in real-world scenarios often encounter diverse data shifts like covariate and semantic shifts, leading to challenges in both out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization and detection.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Han Wang , Yixuan Li

Graph Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify whether a test graph deviates from the distribution of graphs observed during training, which is critical for ensuring the reliability of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) when deployed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Luzhi Wang , Xuanshuo Fu , He Zhang , Chuang Liu , Xiaobao Wang , Hongbo Liu

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) show promising results for graph tasks. However, existing GNNs' generalization ability will degrade when there exist distribution shifts between testing and training graph data. The cardinal impetus underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Zhengyu Chen , Teng Xiao , Kun Kuang , Zheqi Lv , Min Zhang , Jinluan Yang , Chengqiang Lu , Hongxia Yang , Fei Wu

Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) generalization has gained increasing attentions for machine learning on graphs, as graph neural networks (GNNs) often exhibit performance degradation under distribution shifts. Existing graph OOD methods tend to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Henan Sun , Xunkai Li , Lei Zhu , Junyi Han , Guang Zeng , Ronghua Li , Guoren Wang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection poses a significant challenge for Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), particularly in open-world scenarios with varying distribution shifts. Most existing OOD detection methods on graphs primarily focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Zhixia He , Chen Zhao , Minglai Shao , Yujie Lin , Dong Li , Qin Tian

Most existing deep learning models are trained based on the closed-world assumption, where the test data is assumed to be drawn i.i.d. from the same distribution as the training data, known as in-distribution (ID). However, when models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-09 Yixin Liu , Kaize Ding , Huan Liu , Shirui Pan

To build safe and reliable graph machine learning systems, unsupervised graph-level anomaly detection (GLAD) and unsupervised graph-level out-of-distribution (OOD) detection (GLOD) have received significant attention in recent years. Though…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Yili Wang , Yixin Liu , Xu Shen , Chenyu Li , Kaize Ding , Rui Miao , Ying Wang , Shirui Pan , Xin Wang

Graph neural networks have shown remarkable success in exploiting the spatial and temporal patterns on dynamic graphs. However, existing GNNs exhibit poor generalization ability under distribution shifts, which is inevitable in dynamic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Qingyun Sun , Jiayi Luo , Haonan Yuan , Xingcheng Fu , Hao Peng , Jianxin Li , Philip S. Yu

Although dynamic graph neural networks (DyGNNs) have demonstrated promising capabilities, most existing methods ignore out-of-distribution (OOD) shifts that commonly exist in dynamic graphs. Dynamic graph OOD generalization is non-trivial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xinxun Zhang , Pengfei Jiao , Mengzhou Gao , Tianpeng Li , Xuan Guo

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization has emerged as a critical challenge in graph learning, as real-world graph data often exhibit diverse and shifting environments that traditional models fail to generalize across. A promising solution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Xu Shen , Yixin Liu , Yili Wang , Rui Miao , Yiwei Dai , Shirui Pan , Yi Chang , Xin Wang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization is an important issue for Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Recent works employ different graph editions to generate augmented environments and learn an invariant GNN for generalization. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Junchi Yu , Jian Liang , Ran He

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs)-based recommendation algorithms typically assume that training and testing data are drawn from independent and identically distributed (IID) spaces. However, this assumption often fails in the presence of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Chu Zhao , Enneng Yang , Yuliang Liang , Pengxiang Lan , Yuting Liu , Jianzhe Zhao , Guibing Guo , Xingwei Wang

When testing data and training data come from different distributions, deep neural networks (DNNs) will face significant safety risks in practical applications. Therefore, out-of-distribution (OOD) detection techniques, which can identify…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Cheng Yang , Yu Hao , Qi Zhang , Chuan Shi

With the progressive advancements in deep graph learning, out-of-distribution (OOD) detection for graph data has emerged as a critical challenge. While the efficacy of auxiliary datasets in enhancing OOD detection has been extensively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Junwei He , Qianqian Xu , Yangbangyan Jiang , Zitai Wang , Yuchen Sun , Qingming Huang