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This paper provides a systematic survey of jailbreak attacks and defenses on Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs), emphasizing that jailbreak vulnerabilities stem from structural factors such as incomplete training…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zejian Chen , Chaozhuo Li , Chao Li , Xi Zhang , Litian Zhang , Yiming He

Robust verbal confidence generated by large language models (LLMs) is crucial for the deployment of LLMs to help ensure transparency, trust, and safety in many applications, including those involving human-AI interactions. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Stephen Obadinma , Xiaodan Zhu

Large language models (LLMs), known for their capability in understanding and following instructions, are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Researchers have found that current commercial LLMs either fail to be "harmless" by presenting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Bocheng Chen , Advait Paliwal , Qiben Yan

Recent large language model (LLM) defenses have greatly improved models' ability to refuse harmful queries, even when adversarially attacked. However, LLM defenses are primarily evaluated against automated adversarial attacks in a single…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Nathaniel Li , Ziwen Han , Ian Steneker , Willow Primack , Riley Goodside , Hugh Zhang , Zifan Wang , Cristina Menghini , Summer Yue

Large Language Models (LLMs) are prone to off-topic misuse, where users may prompt these models to perform tasks beyond their intended scope. Current guardrails, which often rely on curated examples or custom classifiers, suffer from high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Gabriel Chua , Shing Yee Chan , Shaun Khoo

The increasing deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) across enterprise and mission-critical domains has underscored the urgent need for robust guardrailing systems that ensure safety, reliability, and compliance. Existing solutions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Karthik Avinash , Nikhil Pareek , Rishav Hada

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have enabled transformative advancements across diverse applications but remain susceptible to safety threats, especially jailbreak attacks that induce harmful outputs. To systematically evaluate and…

In this study, we disclose a worrying new vulnerability in Large Language Models (LLMs), which we term \textbf{involuntary jailbreak}. Unlike existing jailbreak attacks, this weakness is distinct in that it does not involve a specific…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Yangyang Guo , Yangyan Li , Mohan Kankanhalli

Safety mechanisms for large language models (LLMs) remain predominantly English-centric, creating systematic vulnerabilities in multilingual deployment. Prior work shows that translating malicious prompts into other languages can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Shirin Alanova , Bogdan Minko , Sabrina Sadiekh , Evgeniy Kokuykin

The widespread use of large language models (LLMs) is increasing the demand for methods that detect machine-generated text to prevent misuse. The goal of our study is to stress test the detectors' robustness to malicious attacks under…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Yichen Wang , Shangbin Feng , Abe Bohan Hou , Xiao Pu , Chao Shen , Xiaoming Liu , Yulia Tsvetkov , Tianxing He

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have underscored their vulnerability to safety alignment jailbreaks, particularly when subjected to downstream fine-tuning. However, existing mitigation strategies primarily focus on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Lei Hsiung , Tianyu Pang , Yung-Chen Tang , Linyue Song , Tsung-Yi Ho , Pin-Yu Chen , Yaoqing Yang

The potential effectiveness of counterspeech as a hate speech mitigation strategy is attracting increasing interest in the NLG research community, particularly towards the task of automatically producing it. However, automatically generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Helena Bonaldi , Greta Damo , Nicolás Benjamín Ocampo , Elena Cabrio , Serena Villata , Marco Guerini

Prompt attacks, including jailbreaks and prompt injections, pose a critical security risk to Large Language Model (LLM) systems. In production, guardrails must mitigate these attacks under strict low-latency constraints, resulting in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Hieu Xuan Le , Benjamin Goh , Quy Anh Tang

High-risk domains pose unique challenges that require language models to provide accurate and safe responses. Despite the great success of large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT and its variants, their performance in high-risk…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Chia-Chien Hung , Wiem Ben Rim , Lindsay Frost , Lars Bruckner , Carolin Lawrence

This paper presents a systematic evaluation of Large Language Models' (LLMs) behavior on long-tail distributed (encrypted) texts and their safety implications. We introduce a two-dimensional framework for assessing LLM safety: (1)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Utsav Maskey , Mark Dras , Usman Naseem

With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in Natural Language Processing (NLP), including content generation, human-computer interaction, machine translation, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Songyang Liu , Chaozhuo Li , Jiameng Qiu , Xi Zhang , Feiran Huang , Litian Zhang , Yiming Hei , Philip S. Yu

Guardrail, an emerging mechanism designed to ensure that large language models (LLMs) align with human values by moderating harmful or toxic responses, requires a sociotechnical approach in their design. This paper addresses a critical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Jinwei Hu , Yi Dong , Xiaowei Huang

As the influence of large language models (LLMs) spans across global communities, their safety challenges in multilingual settings become paramount for alignment research. This paper examines the variations in safety challenges faced by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Lingfeng Shen , Weiting Tan , Sihao Chen , Yunmo Chen , Jingyu Zhang , Haoran Xu , Boyuan Zheng , Philipp Koehn , Daniel Khashabi

As Large Language Models (LLMs) of Prompt Jailbreaking are getting more and more attention, it is of great significance to raise a generalized research paradigm to evaluate attack strengths and a basic model to conduct subtler experiments.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Tianyu Zhang , Zixuan Zhao , Jiaqi Huang , Jingyu Hua , Sheng Zhong

Ensuring the safety of large language models (LLMs) is critical as they are deployed in real-world applications. Existing guardrails rely on rule-based filtering or single-pass classification, limiting their ability to handle nuanced safety…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Xiaofei Wen , Wenxuan Zhou , Wenjie Jacky Mo , Muhao Chen
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