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Log-structured merge tree (LSM-tree) based key-value stores are widely employed in large-scale storage systems. In the compaction of the key-value store, SSTables are merged with overlapping key ranges and sorted for data queries. This,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-07-12 Hui Sun , Wei Liu , Jianzhong Huang , Weisong Shi

Key-value stores underpin a wide range of applications due to their simplicity and efficiency. Log-Structured Merge Trees (LSM-trees) dominate as their underlying structure, excelling at handling rapidly growing data. Recent research has…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Junfeng Liu , Haoxuan Xie , Siqiang Luo

Persistent key-value (KV) stores mostly build on the Log-Structured Merge (LSM) tree for high write performance, yet the LSM-tree suffers from the inherently high I/O amplification. KV separation mitigates I/O amplification by storing only…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Yongkun Li , Helen H. W. Chan , Patrick P. C. Lee , Yinlong Xu

Modern data-intensive applications increasingly store and process big-value items, such as multimedia objects and machine learning embeddings, which exacerbate storage inefficiencies in Log-Structured Merge-Tree (LSM)-based key-value…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Ming Li , Wendi Cheng , Jiahe Wei , Xueqiang Shan , Weikai Liu , Xiaonan Zhao , Xiao Zhang

Log-Structured Merge-tree-based Key-Value Stores (LSM-KVS) have been optimized and redesigned for disaggregated storage via techniques such as compaction offloading to reduce the network I/Os between compute and storage. However, the…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Qi Lin , Gangqi Huang , Te Guo , Chang Guo , Viraj Thakkar , Zichen Zhu , Jianguo Wang , Zhichao Cao

Key-Value Stores (KVS) based on log-structured merge-trees (LSM-trees) are widely used in storage systems but face significant challenges, such as high write amplification caused by compaction. KV-separated LSM-trees address write…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Jianshun Zhang , Fang Wang , Jiaxin Ou , Yi Wang , Ming Zhao , Sheng Qiu , Junxun Huang , Baoquan Li , Peng Fang , Dan Feng

Key-Value Stores (KVS) implemented with log-structured merge-tree (LSM-tree) have gained widespread acceptance in storage systems. Nonetheless, a significant challenge arises in the form of high write amplification due to the compaction…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Jianshun Zhang , Fang Wang , Sheng Qiu , Yi Wang , Jiaxin Ou , Junxun Huang , Baoquan Li , Peng Fang , Dan Feng

LSM-tree is a widely adopted data structure in modern key-value store systems that optimizes write performance in write-heavy applications by using append writes to achieve sequential writes. However, the unpredictability of LSM-tree…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Yina Lv , Qiao Li , Quanqing Xu , Congming Gao , Chuanhui Yang , Xiaoli Wang , Chun Jason Xue

We present Keigo, a concurrency- and workload-aware storage middleware that enhances the performance of log-structured merge key-value stores (LSM KVS) when they are deployed on a hierarchy of storage devices. The key observation behind…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Rúben Adão , Zhongjie Wu , Changjun Zhou , Oana Balmau , João Paulo , Ricardo Macedo

LSM-based key-value (KV) stores are an important component in modern data infrastructures. However, they suffer from high tail latency, in the order of several seconds, making them less attractive for user-facing applications. In this…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Giorgos Xanthakis , Antonios Katsarakis , Giorgos Saloustros , Angelos Bilas

LSM-tree has been widely used in cloud computing systems by Google, Facebook, and Amazon, to achieve high performance for write-intensive workloads. However, in LSM-tree, random key-value queries can experience long latency and low…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-06-08 Lei Guo , Dejun Teng , Rubao Lee , Feng Chen , Siyuan Ma , Xiaodong Zhang

Log-Structured Merge tree (LSM tree) Key-Value (KV) stores have become a foundational layer in the storage stacks of datacenter and cloud services. Current approaches for achieving reliability and availability avoid replication at the KV…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Michalis Vardoulakis , Giorgos Saloustros , Pilar González-Férez , Angelos Bilas

When key-value (KV) stores use SSDs for storing a large number of items, oftentimes they also require large in-memory data structures including indices and caches to be traversed to reduce IOs. This paper considers offloading most of such…

Modern mainstream persistent key-value storage engines utilize Log-Structured Merge tree (LSM-tree) based designs, optimizing read/write performance by leveraging sequential disk I/O. However, the advent of SSDs, with their significant…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Jin Jiang , Dongsheng He , Yu Hu , Dong Liu , Chenfan Xiao , Hongxiao Bi , Yusong Zhang , Chaoqu Jiang , Zhijun Fu

Large language models (LLMs) rely on Key-Value (KV) cache to reduce time-to-first-token (TTFT) latency, but existing disk-based KV cache systems using file-per-object layouts suffer from severe scalability bottlenecks due to file system…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Weiping Yu , Ye Jiarui , He Mengke , Junfeng Liu , Siqiang Luo

The Log-Structured Merge-Tree (LSM-tree) has been widely adopted for use in modern NoSQL systems for its superior write performance. Despite the popularity of LSM-trees, they have been criticized for suffering from write stalls and large…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Chen Luo , Michael J. Carey

Millions of sensors, mobile applications and machines now generate billions of events. Specialized many-core key-value stores (KVSs) can ingest and index these events at high rates (over 100 Mops/s on one machine) if events are generated on…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-04-29 Chinmay Kulkarni , Badrish Chandramouli , Ryan Stutsman

Key-value store is a popular type of cloud computing applications. The performance of key-value store applications have been shown to be very sensitive to load within the data center, and in particular to latency. As load within data center…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-05-30 Yuta Tokusashi , Hiroki Matsutani , Noa Zilberman

The key-value (KV) cache has become the dominant contributor to memory consumption in large language model (LLM) inference. Although offloading KVCache from GPU high-bandwidth memory (HBM) to CPU DRAM alleviates device memory pressure, DRAM…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Tuowei Wang , Liyun Chu , Ruwen Fan , Ju Ren

The log-structured merge tree (LSM-tree) is widely employed to build key-value (KV) stores. LSM-tree organizes multiple levels in memory and on disk. The compaction of LSM-tree, which is used to redeploy KV pairs between on-disk levels in…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Yanpeng Hu , Li Zhu , Lei Jia , Chundong Wang
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