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We consider the problem of reinforcement learning (RL) with unbounded state space motivated by the classical problem of scheduling in a queueing network. Traditional policies as well as error metric that are designed for finite, bounded or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Devavrat Shah , Qiaomin Xie , Zhi Xu

Sample average approximation (SAA), a popular method for tractably solving stochastic optimization problems, enjoys strong asymptotic performance guarantees in settings with independent training samples. However, these guarantees are not…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-12-13 Yafei Wang , Bo Pan , Wei Tu , Peng Liu , Bei Jiang , Chao Gao , Wei Lu , Shangling Jui , Linglong Kong

We study two time-scale linear stochastic approximation algorithms, which can be used to model well-known reinforcement learning algorithms such as GTD, GTD2, and TDC. We present finite-time performance bounds for the case where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Harsh Gupta , R. Srikant , Lei Ying

We study stochastic approximation procedures for approximately solving a $d$-dimensional linear fixed point equation based on observing a trajectory of length $n$ from an ergodic Markov chain. We first exhibit a non-asymptotic bound of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-05-14 Wenlong Mou , Ashwin Pananjady , Martin J. Wainwright , Peter L. Bartlett

Many machine learning and optimization algorithms can be cast as instances of stochastic approximation (SA). The convergence rate of these algorithms is known to be slow, with the optimal mean squared error (MSE) of order $O(n^{-1})$. In…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-09-13 Caio Kalil Lauand , Sean Meyn

Motivated by applications in risk-sensitive reinforcement learning, we study mean-variance optimization in a discounted reward Markov Decision Process (MDP). Specifically, we analyze a Temporal Difference (TD) learning algorithm with linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Tejaram Sangadi , L. A. Prashanth , Krishna Jagannathan

Temporal-difference (TD) learning is widely regarded as one of the most popular algorithms in reinforcement learning (RL). Despite its widespread use, it has only been recently that researchers have begun to actively study its finite time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Han-Dong Lim , Donghwan Lee

This paper investigates the stability and convergence properties of asynchronous stochastic approximation (SA) algorithms, with a focus on extensions relevant to average-reward reinforcement learning. We first extend a stability proof…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Huizhen Yu , Yi Wan , Richard S. Sutton

Two-timescale stochastic approximation (TTSA) is among the most general frameworks for iterative stochastic algorithms. This includes well-known stochastic optimization methods such as SGD variants and those designed for bilevel or minimax…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-15 Jie Hu , Vishwaraj Doshi , Do Young Eun

We study the statistical inference of nonlinear stochastic approximation algorithms utilizing a single trajectory of Markovian data. Our methodology has practical applications in various scenarios, such as Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-02-21 Xiang Li , Jiadong Liang , Zhihua Zhang

This paper presents the first sufficient conditions that guarantee the stability and almost sure convergence of multi-timescale stochastic approximation (SA) iterates. It extends the existing results on one-timescale and two-timescale SA…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-16 Rohan Deb , Swetha Ganesh , Shalabh Bhatnagar

In this paper, we consider the state estimation problem for nonlinear stochastic discrete-time systems. We combine Lyapunov's method in control theory and deep reinforcement learning to design the state estimator. We theoretically prove the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Liang Hu , Chengwei Wu , Wei Pan

The focus of this paper is on stochastic variational inequalities (VI) under Markovian noise. A prominent application of our algorithmic developments is the stochastic policy evaluation problem in reinforcement learning. Prior…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-08-17 Georgios Kotsalis , Guanghui Lan , Tianjiao Li

As a primary contribution, we present a convergence theorem for stochastic iterations, and in particular, Q-learning iterates, under a general, possibly non-Markovian, stochastic environment. Our conditions for convergence involve an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-05 Ali Devran Kara , Serdar Yuksel

Stochastic Approximation (SA) is a classical algorithm that has had since the early days a huge impact on signal processing, and nowadays on machine learning, due to the necessity to deal with a large amount of data observed with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-18 Aymeric Dieuleveut , Gersende Fort , Eric Moulines , Hoi-To Wai

Stochastic approximation (SA) is a key method used in statistical learning. Recently, its non-asymptotic convergence analysis has been considered in many papers. However, most of the prior analyses are made under restrictive assumptions…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-18 Belhal Karimi , Blazej Miasojedow , Eric Moulines , Hoi-To Wai

We present a probabilistic model for stochastic iterative algorithms with the use case of optimization algorithms in mind. Based on this model, we present PAC-Bayesian generalization bounds for functions that are defined on the trajectory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Michael Sucker , Peter Ochs

We consider a general asynchronous Stochastic Approximation (SA) scheme featuring a weighted infinity-norm contractive operator, and prove a bound on its finite-time convergence rate on a single trajectory. Additionally, we specialize the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-06 Guannan Qu , Adam Wierman

This paper studies linear stochastic approximation (SA) algorithms and their application to multi-agent systems in engineering and sociology. As main contribution, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for convergence of linear SA…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-09-07 Ge Chen , Xiaoming Duan , Wenjun Mei , Francesco Bullo

Polyak-Ruppert averaging is a widely used technique to achieve the optimal asymptotic variance of stochastic approximation (SA) algorithms, yet its high-probability performance guarantees remain underexplored in general settings. In this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-29 Sajad Khodadadian , Martin Zubeldia