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Information valuable words are the strings with the significant deviation of real frequency from the expected one. The expected frequency is determined through the maximum entropy principle of the reconstructed (extended) frequency…
Discrete probabilistic programs (DPPs) provide a highly expressive formalism for compactly defining arbitrary finite probabilistic models. This expressivity comes at a price: DPP inference is PSPACE-hard. In this work, we show that DPP…
In this paper, algorithms for multivariate public key cryptography and digital signature are described. Plain messages and encrypted messages are arrays, consisting of elements from a fixed finite ring or field. The encryption and…
Theoretical computer science has found fertile ground in many areas of mathematics. The approach has been to consider classical problems through the prism of computational complexity, where the number of basic computational steps taken to…
We give some theoretical and computational results on "random" harmonic sums with prime numbers, and more generally, for integers with a fixed number of prime factors.
Given a compact subset $\Sigma$ of the real numbers obeying some technical conditions, we consider the set of algebraic integers whose conjugates all lie in $\Sigma$. The distribution of conjugates of such an integer defines a probability…
We introduce and consider a certain probability question involving elementary number theory and the likelihood that a fixed prime will appear in a certain recursively defined factorization of an integer. We derive several convergent…
This article is about Pi Formulas, infinite series of fractions which sum to multiples of Pi. Each such one can be associated with a unique set $S_k$ of rough numbers, where $k$ is a prime number. Given $S_k$ for any prime $k$, the set…
Exact representations of real numbers such as the signed digit representation or more generally linear fractional representations or the infinite Gray code represent real numbers as infinite streams of digits. In earlier work by the first…
(1) Let 1\leq k\leq \omega. Call an atom structure \alpha weakly k neat representable, the term algebra is in \RCA_n\cap \Nr_n\CA_{n+k}, but the complex algebra is not representable. Call an atom structure neat if there is an atomic algebra…
We analyze the security of recently proposed image encryption scheme [1]. We show that the scheme is insecure and the methods used to evaluate its security are insufficient. By designing the Deliberately Weak Cipher, a completely vulnerable…
Natural numbers satisfying an unusual property are mentioned by the author in [5], in which their infinitude is also proved. In this paper, we start with an arbitrary natural number which is not a multiple of 10 and non-palindromic, form…
Log-atomic numbers are surreal numbers whose iterated logarithms are monomials, and consequently have a trivial expansion as transseries. Presenting surreal numbers as sign sequences, we give the sign sequence formula for log-atomic…
While it is trivial to multiply two C-finite sequences (just like integers), it is not quite so trivial to "factorize" them, or to decide whether they are "prime". The former is plain linear algebra, while the latter is heavy-duty…
In this paper we study some structure properties of primitive weird numbers in terms of their factorization. We give sufficient conditions to ensure that a positive integer is weird. Two algorithms for generating weird numbers having a…
An archetypal problem discussed in computer science is the problem of searching for a given number in a given set of numbers. Other than sequential search, the classic solution is to sort the list of numbers and then apply binary search.…
We consider the problem of enumerating integer tetrahedra of fixed perimeter (sum of side-lengths) and/or diameter (maximum side-length), up to congruence. As we will see, this problem is considerably more difficult than the corresponding…
Given positive integers $a_1,..., a_n, t$, the fixed weight subset sum problem is to find a subset of the $a_i$ that sum to $t$, where the subset has a prescribed number of elements. It is this problem that underlies the security of modern…
A sequence of reversals that takes a signed permutation to the identity is perfect if at no step a common interval is broken. Determining a parsimonious perfect sequence of reversals that sorts a signed permutation is NP-hard. Here we show…
An index coding problem is called unicast-uniprior when each receiver demands a unique subset of messages while knowing another unique subset of messages apriori as side-information. In this work, we give an algorithm to compute the minrank…