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Scaling Large Language Models (LLMs) yields performance gains but incurs substantial training costs. Depth up-scaling offers training efficiency by adding new layers to pre-trained models. However, most existing methods copy or average…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Mingzi Cao , Xi Wang , Nikolaos Aletras

Deep learning (DL) models based on the transformer architecture have revolutionized many DL applications such as large language models (LLMs), vision transformers, audio generation, and time series prediction. Much of this progress has been…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Quentin Anthony , Benjamin Michalowicz , Jacob Hatef , Lang Xu , Mustafa Abduljabbar , Aamir Shafi , Hari Subramoni , Dhabaleswar Panda

Despite the dominance and effectiveness of scaling, resulting in large networks with hundreds of billions of parameters, the necessity to train overparameterized models remains poorly understood, while training costs grow exponentially. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Vladislav Lialin , Namrata Shivagunde , Sherin Muckatira , Anna Rumshisky

With the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), the demand for high-performance LLM inference services continues to grow. To meet this demand, a growing number of AI accelerators have been proposed, such as Google TPU, Huawei…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Tianhao Zhu , Dahu Feng , Erhu Feng , Yubin Xia

The impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) across diverse tasks are now well established, yet their effective deployment necessitates careful hyperparameter optimization. Although existing methods have explored the…

There is an urgent and pressing need to optimize usage of Graphical Processing Units (GPUs), which have arguably become one of the most expensive and sought after IT resources. To help with this goal, several of the current generation of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Bekir Turkkan , Pavankumar Murali , Pavithra Harsha , Rohan Arora , Gerard Vanloo , Chandra Narayanaswami

Large Language Models (LLMs) for Generative AI have achieved remarkable progress, evolving into sophisticated and versatile tools widely adopted across various domains and applications. However, the substantial memory overhead caused by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Ranran Zhen , Juntao Li , Yixin Ji , Zhenlin Yang , Tong Liu , Qingrong Xia , Xinyu Duan , Zhefeng Wang , Baoxing Huai , Min Zhang

With the rapid growth of large language models (LLMs), a wide range of methods have been developed to distribute computation and memory across hardware devices for efficient training and inference. While existing surveys provide descriptive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Hossam Amer , Rezaul Karim , Ali Pourranjbar , Weiwei Zhang , Walid Ahmed , Boxing Chen

The increasing demand for Large Language Models (LLMs) across various applications has led to a significant shift in the design of deep learning serving systems. Deploying LLMs, particularly in multi-tenant environments, poses substantial…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Bodun Hu , Jiamin Li , Le Xu , Myungjin Lee , Akshay Jajoo , Geon-Woo Kim , Hong Xu , Aditya Akella

Machine learning frameworks adopt iterative optimizers to train neural networks. Conventional eager execution separates the updating of trainable parameters from forward and backward computations. However, this approach introduces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Zixuan Jiang , Jiaqi Gu , Mingjie Liu , Keren Zhu , David Z. Pan

Large language model (LLM) serving is fundamentally limited by inefficient hardware utilization. Autoregressive (AR) decoding underutilizes GPUs due to its strictly sequential execution, while diffusion LLMs (DLLMs) improve throughput by…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Chiyue Wei , Cong Guo , Bowen Duan , Junyao Zhang , Haoxuan Shan , Yifei Wang , Yangjie Zhou , Hai "Helen" Li , Danyang Zhuo , Yiran Chen

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) remains resource-intensive due to their sheer scale. While zeroth-order (ZO) optimization provides a memory-efficient alternative by eliminating backward passes, its application to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Liangyu Wang , Huanyi Xie , Di Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved near-human performance across diverse reasoning tasks, yet their deployment on resource-constrained Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices remains impractical due to massive parameter footprints and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Mingyu Sung , Vikas Palakonda , Suhwan Im , Sunghwan Moon , Il-Min Kim , Sangseok Yun , Jae-Mo Kang

Large language models (LLMs) are typically served from clusters of GPUs/NPUs that consist of large number of devices. Unfortunately, communication between these devices incurs significant overhead, increasing the inference latency and cost…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ahmet Caner Yüzügüler , Jiawei Zhuang , Lukas Cavigelli

The size of deep neural networks has grown exponentially in recent years. Unfortunately, hardware devices have not kept pace with the rapidly increasing memory requirements. To cope with this, researchers have turned to techniques such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Benoit Steiner , Mostafa Elhoushi , Jacob Kahn , James Hegarty

Efficient LLM inference on resource-constrained devices presents significant challenges in compute and memory utilization. Due to limited GPU memory, existing systems offload model weights to CPU memory, incurring substantial I/O overhead…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Xiangwen Zhuge , Xu Shen , Zeyu Wang , Fan Dang , Xuan Ding , Danyang Li , Yahui Han , Tianxiang Hao , Zheng Yang

We propose DFModel, a modeling framework for mapping dataflow computation graphs onto large-scale systems. Mapping a workload to a system requires optimizing dataflow mappings at various levels, including the inter-chip (between chips)…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Sho Ko , Nathan Zhang , Olivia Hsu , Ardavan Pedram , Kunle Olukotun

We study the factors affecting training time in multi-device deep learning systems. Given a specification of a convolutional neural network, our goal is to minimize the time to train this model on a cluster of commodity CPUs and GPUs. We…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-10-20 Stefan Hadjis , Ce Zhang , Ioannis Mitliagkas , Dan Iter , Christopher Ré

Collocating deep learning training tasks improves GPU utilization but risks resource contention, severe slowdowns, and out-of-memory (OOM) failures. Accurate memory estimation is essential for robust collocation, and GPU utilization…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Ehsan Yousefzadeh-Asl-Miandoab , Reza Karimzadeh , Danyal Yorulmaz , Bulat Ibragimov , Pınar Tözün

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong performance as text embedding models when finetuned with supervised contrastive training. However, their large size balloons inference time and memory requirements. In this paper, we show that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Thennal D K , Tim Fischer , Chris Biemann