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The recent detection of planets around very low mass stars raises the question of the formation, composition and potential habitability of these objects. We use planetary system formation models to infer the properties, in particular their…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-02-01 Yann Alibert , Willy Benz

We numerically studied close encounters between a young stellar system hosting a massive, gravitationally fragmenting disk and an intruder diskless star with the purpose to determine the evolution of fragments that have formed in the disk…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2018-01-10 Eduard I. Vorobyov , Maria Steinrueck , Vardan Elbakyan , Manuel Guedel

The discovery of $N_{\rm pp} = 40$ Jupiter-mass binary objects (JuMBOs) alongside $N_{\rm p} = 500$ free-floating Jupiter-mass objects (JMOs) in the Trapezium cluster's central portion raises questions about their origin…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-17 Simon Portegies Zwart , Erwan Hochart

Stars and planets are the fundamental objects of the Universe. Their formation processes, though related, may differ in important ways. Stars almost certainly form from gravitational collapse and probably have formed this way since the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2009-04-02 Alwyn Wootten , Bryan Butler , Antonio Hales , Stuartt Corder , Robert Brown , David Wilner

Planets are common objects in the Universe, observationally as well as theoretically. However, the standard theory of their formation encounters many difficulties, such as dust fall and disk lifetime problems. We positively analyze them,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-08-03 Masahiro Morikawa , Suzuka Amaya

Dozens of planets and brown dwarfs are known to orbit one component of tight stellar binaries ($a_{\rm bin} \lesssim 20$ au), despite circumstellar discs in such systems being truncated to radii of only $\sim (0.2-5)$ au. This presents a…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-04 Luyao Zhang , Sergei Nayakshin , Clement Baruteau , Philippe Thebault , Eduard I. Vorobyov

We have simulated encounters between planetary systems and single stars in various clustered environments. This allows us to estimate the fraction of systems liberated, the velocity distribution of the liberated planets, and the separation…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-06 Kester W. Smith , Ian A. Bonnell

Intermediate mass planets, from Super-Earth to Neptune-sized bodies, are the most common type of planets in the galaxy. The prevailing theory of planet formation, core-accretion, predicts significantly fewer intermediate-mass giant planets…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-03-16 Hongping Deng , Lucio Mayer , Ravit Helled

Theory and simulations suggest that it is possible to form low-mass hydrogen-burning stars, brown dwarfs and planetary-mass objects via disc fragmentation. As disc fragmentation results in the formation of several bodies at comparable…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-11 Yun Li , M. B. N. Kouwenhoven , D. Stamatellos , S. P. Goodwin

We hypothesise that planets are made by tidal downsizing of migrating giant planet embryos. The proposed scheme for planet formation consists of these steps: (i) a massive young protoplanetary disc fragments at R ~ several tens to hundreds…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-19 Sergei Nayakshin

We present results of hydrodynamic simulations of star formation triggered by cloud-cloud collisions. During the early stages of star formation, low-mass objects form by gravitational instabilities in protostellar discs. A number of these…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-02-29 Spyridon Kitsionas , Anthony P. Whitworth , Ralf S. Klessen

Planetary systems form in gas-dust protoplanetary discs via the growth of solid bodies. In this paper, we show that the most intriguing stage of such growth --- namely, the transformation of 1-10 m boulders into kilometre-sized…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-11 Valeriy N. Snytnikov , Olga P. Stoyanovskaya

The processes of planet formation and migration depend intimately on the interaction between planetesimals and the gaseous disks in which they form. The formation of gaps in the disk can severely limit the mass of the planet and its…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 Wayne F. Winters , Steven A. Balbus , John F. Hawley

We find that free-floating planets can remain bound to a star cluster for much longer than was previously assumed: of the order of the cluster half-mass relaxation timescale as opposed to the crossing-time. This result is based on N-body…

Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-24 Jarrod R. Hurley , Michael M. Shara

The recently observed population of 540 free-floating Jupiter-mass objects, including 40 dynamically soft pairs in the Trapezium cluster have raised interesting questions on their formation and evolution. We test various scenarios for the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-03-14 Simon Portegies Zwart , Erwan Hochart

The formation of planets is one of the major unsolved problems in modern astrophysics. Planets are believed to form out of the material in circumstellar disks known to exist around young stars, and which are a by-product of the star…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2009-02-17 R. Millan-Gabet , John D. Monnier

Recent spacecraft observations exploring solar system properties impact standard paradigms of the formation of stars, planets and comets. We stress the unexpected cloud of microscopic dust resulting from the DEEP IMPACT mission, and the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2010-12-30 Rudolph E. Schild , Carl H. Gibson

A major outstanding question regarding the formation of planetary systems is whether wide-orbit giant planets form differently than close-in giant planets. We aim to establish constraints on two key parameters that are relevant for…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-07-29 Kevin Wagner , Dániel Apai , Kaitlin M. Kratter

The formation of massive stars is one of the major unsolved problems in stellar astrophysics. However, only few if any of these are found as single stars, on average massive stars have more than one companion. Many of them are born in dense…

Astrophysics · Physics 2016-08-30 Hans Zinnecker

Recent ground-based microlensing surveys suggest that our Galaxy may abound with small free floating planets, potentially up to $\sim$21 such planets per star. We explore the implication of such possibility on the mass budget for planet…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-27 Eve J. Lee , William DeRocco , Sam Hadden , B. Scott Gaudi