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Ransomware is a type of malware which encrypts user data and extorts payments in return for the decryption keys. This cyberthreat is one of the most serious challenges facing organizations today and has already caused immense financial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Aldin Vehabovic , Hadi Zanddizari , Nasir Ghani , G. Javidi , S. Uluagac , M. Rahouti , E. Bou-Harb , M. Safaei Pour

Every day, our inboxes are flooded with unsolicited emails, ranging between annoying spam to more subtle phishing scams. Unfortunately, despite abundant prior efforts proposing solutions achieving near-perfect accuracy, the reality is that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Luca Pajola , Eugenio Caripoti , Stefan Banzer , Simeone Pizzi , Mauro Conti , Giovanni Apruzzese

E-commerce is the fastest-growing segment of the economy. Online reviews play a crucial role in helping consumers evaluate and compare products and services. As a result, fake reviews (opinion spam) are becoming more prevalent and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Kiril Danilchenko , Michael Segal , Dan Vilenchik

Web-based phishing attacks nowadays exploit popular cloud web hosting services and apps such as Google Sites and Typeform for hosting their attacks. Since these attacks originate from reputable domains and IP addresses of the cloud…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Birendra Jha , Medha Atre , Ashwini Rao

The lead marketing ecosystem enables collection, sale, and use of personal data submitted via web forms to deliver personalized quotes in high-value verticals such as insurance. Despite its scale and sensitivity of the collected data, this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Yash Vekaria , Nurullah Demir , Konrad Kollnig , Zubair Shafiq

Financial fraud cases are on the rise even with the current technological advancements. Due to the lack of inter-organization synergy and because of privacy concerns, authentic financial transaction data is rarely available. On the other…

Mobile apps are extensively involved in cyber-crimes. Some apps are malware which compromise users' devices, while some others may lead to privacy leakage. Apart from them, there also exist apps which directly make profit from victims…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Zhuo Chen , Lei Wu , Jing Cheng , Yubo Hu , Yajin Zhou , Zhushou Tang , Yexuan Chen , Jinku Li , Kui Ren

In this position paper, we argue that the classical evaluation on Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks using annotated benchmarks is in trouble. The worst kind of data contamination happens when a Large Language Model (LLM) is trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Oscar Sainz , Jon Ander Campos , Iker García-Ferrero , Julen Etxaniz , Oier Lopez de Lacalle , Eneko Agirre

We present an approach to identifying which ransomware adversaries are most likely to target specific entities, thereby assisting these entities in formulating better protection strategies. Ransomware poses a formidable cybersecurity threat…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Spencer Massengale , Philip Huff

This paper investigates the application of pre-trained large language models (LLMs) for spam email classification using zero-shot prompting. We evaluate the performance of both open-source (Flan-T5) and proprietary LLMs (ChatGPT, GPT-4) on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Sergio Rojas-Galeano

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has achieved remarkable performance with a small fraction of labeled data by leveraging vast amounts of unlabeled data from the Internet. However, this large pool of untrusted data is extremely vulnerable to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Cheng-Yi Lee , Ching-Chia Kao , Cheng-Han Yeh , Chun-Shien Lu , Chia-Mu Yu , Chu-Song Chen

The pervasiveness of abusive content on the internet can lead to severe psychological and physical harm. Significant effort in Natural Language Processing (NLP) research has been devoted to addressing this problem through abusive content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Svetlana Kiritchenko , Isar Nejadgholi , Kathleen C. Fraser

Malicious URL classification represents a crucial aspect of cyber security. Although existing work comprises numerous machine learning and deep learning-based URL classification models, most suffer from generalisation and domain-adaptation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Fariza Rashid , Nishavi Ranaweera , Ben Doyle , Suranga Seneviratne

Unsolicited email (spam) is still a problem for users of the email service. Even though current email anti-spam solutions filter most spam emails, some spam emails still are delivered to the inbox of users. A special class of spam emails…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-06-24 Alexander Schmidtke , Hans-Joachim Hof

Graph-based Semi-Supervised Learning (GSSL) is a practical solution to learn from a limited amount of labelled data together with a vast amount of unlabelled data. However, due to their reliance on the known labels to infer the unknown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Adriano Franci , Maxime Cordy , Martin Gubri , Mike Papadakis , Yves Le Traon

ML-based Phishing URL (MLPU) detectors serve as the first level of defence to protect users and organisations from being victims of phishing attacks. Lately, few studies have launched successful adversarial attacks against specific MLPU…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Bushra Sabir , M. Ali Babar , Raj Gaire , Alsharif Abuadbba

Scammers are increasingly harnessing generative AI(GenAI) technologies to produce convincing phishing content at scale, amplifying financial fraud and undermining public trust. While conventional defenses, such as detection algorithms, user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Hossein Siadati , Haadi Jafarian , Sima Jafarikhah

Since introducing changes to the New Payments Platform (NPP) to include longer messages as payment descriptions, it has been identified that people are now using it for communication, and in some cases, the system was being used as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Anna Leontjeva , Genevieve Richards , Kaavya Sriskandaraja , Jessica Perchman , Luiz Pizzato

Clean-label (CL) attack is a form of data poisoning attack where an adversary modifies only the textual input of the training data, without requiring access to the labeling function. CL attacks are relatively unexplored in NLP, as compared…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Ashim Gupta , Amrith Krishna

In this digital era, online shopping is common practice in our daily lives. Product reviews significantly influence consumer buying behavior and help establish buyer trust. However, the prevalence of fraudulent reviews undermines this trust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Mst Eshita Khatun , Halima Akter , Tasnimul Rehan , Toufiq Ahmed