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Human memory is fleeting. As words are processed, the exact wordforms that make up incoming sentences are rapidly lost. Cognitive scientists have long believed that this limitation of memory may, paradoxically, help in learning language -…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Abishek Thamma , Micha Heilbron

In this paper, we describe our submission to the BabyLM Challenge 2023 shared task on data-efficient language model (LM) pretraining (Warstadt et al., 2023). We train transformer-based masked language models that incorporate unsupervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Omar Momen , David Arps , Laura Kallmeyer

Although masked language models are highly performant and widely adopted by NLP practitioners, they can not be easily used for autoregressive language modelling (next word prediction and sequence probability estimation). We present an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Vilém Zouhar , Marius Mosbach , Dietrich Klakow

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as the Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT), have achieved tremendous success in various language tasks, but their emergent abilities have also raised many questions, concerns, and challenges that need…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Tao Hong

Empirical evidence shows that the rate of irregular usage of English verbs exhibits discontinuity as a function of their frequency: the most frequent verbs tend to be totally irregular. We aim to qualitatively understand the origin of this…

What can large language models learn? By definition, language models (LM) are distributions over strings. Therefore, an intuitive way of addressing the above question is to formalize it as a matter of learnability of classes of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Nadav Borenstein , Anej Svete , Robin Chan , Josef Valvoda , Franz Nowak , Isabelle Augenstein , Eleanor Chodroff , Ryan Cotterell

We introduce an extensive dataset for multilingual probing of morphological information in language models (247 tasks across 42 languages from 10 families), each consisting of a sentence with a target word and a morphological tag as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Judit Acs , Endre Hamerlik , Roy Schwartz , Noah A. Smith , Andras Kornai

While vector-based language representations from pretrained language models have set a new standard for many NLP tasks, there is not yet a complete accounting of their inner workings. In particular, it is not entirely clear what aspects of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-16 Matteo Alleman , Jonathan Mamou , Miguel A Del Rio , Hanlin Tang , Yoon Kim , SueYeon Chung

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) is widely used to train large language models (LLMs). However, it is unclear whether LLMs accurately learn the underlying preferences in human feedback data. We coin the term \textit{Learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Luke Marks , Amir Abdullah , Clement Neo , Rauno Arike , David Krueger , Philip Torr , Fazl Barez

With a growing focus on morphological inflection systems for languages where high-quality data is scarce, training data noise is a serious but so far largely ignored concern. We aim at closing this gap by investigating the types of noise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Adam Wiemerslage , Changbing Yang , Garrett Nicolai , Miikka Silfverberg , Katharina Kann

Large Language Models demonstrate remarkable mathematical capabilities but at the same time struggle with abstract reasoning and planning. In this study, we explore whether Transformers can learn to abstract and generalize the rules…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Mikhail Burtsev

Transformer has demonstrated its great power to learn contextual word representations for multiple languages in a single model. To process multilingual sentences in the model, a learnable vector is usually assigned to each language, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Shengjie Luo , Kaiyuan Gao , Shuxin Zheng , Guolin Ke , Di He , Liwei Wang , Tie-Yan Liu

Language model finetuning often results in learning undesirable traits in combination with desired ones. To address this, we propose inoculation prompting: modifying finetuning data by prepending a short system-prompt instruction that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Daniel Tan , Anders Woodruff , Niels Warncke , Arun Jose , Maxime Riché , David Demitri Africa , Mia Taylor

Can autoregressive large language models (LLMs) learn consistent probability distributions when trained on sequences in different token orders? We prove formally that for any well-defined probability distribution, sequence perplexity is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Xiaoliang Luo , Xinyi Xu , Michael Ramscar , Bradley C. Love

Several algorithms implemented by language models have recently been successfully reversed-engineered. However, these findings have been concentrated on specific tasks and models, leaving it unclear how universal circuits are across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Javier Ferrando , Marta R. Costa-jussà

Understanding natural language requires common sense, one aspect of which is the ability to discern the plausibility of events. While distributional models -- most recently pre-trained, Transformer language models -- have demonstrated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Ian Porada , Kaheer Suleman , Adam Trischler , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung

Morphological inflection is a popular task in sub-word NLP with both practical and cognitive applications. For years now, state-of-the-art systems have reported high, but also highly variable, performance across data sets and languages. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Jordan Kodner , Sarah Payne , Salam Khalifa , Zoey Liu

Transformers are neural networks that revolutionized natural language processing and machine learning. They process sequences of inputs, like words, using a mechanism called self-attention, which is trained via masked language modeling…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-04-17 Riccardo Rende , Federica Gerace , Alessandro Laio , Sebastian Goldt

Human readers can efficiently comprehend scrambled words, a phenomenon known as Typoglycemia, primarily by relying on word form; if word form alone is insufficient, they further utilize contextual cues for interpretation. While advanced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Chenxi Wang , Tianle Gu , Zhongyu Wei , Lang Gao , Zirui Song , Xiuying Chen

Generative Spoken Language Modeling research focuses on optimizing speech Language Models (LMs) using raw audio recordings without accessing any textual supervision. Such speech LMs usually operate over discrete units obtained from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Itai Gat , Felix Kreuk , Tu Anh Nguyen , Ann Lee , Jade Copet , Gabriel Synnaeve , Emmanuel Dupoux , Yossi Adi