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The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has driven their expanding application across various fields. One of the most promising applications is their role as evaluators based on natural language responses, referred to as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Haitao Li , Qian Dong , Junjie Chen , Huixue Su , Yujia Zhou , Qingyao Ai , Ziyi Ye , Yiqun Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in biomedical relation extraction, even in zero-shot scenarios. However, evaluating LLMs in this task remains challenging due to their ability to generate human-like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Md Tahmid Rahman Laskar , Israt Jahan , Elham Dolatabadi , Chun Peng , Enamul Hoque , Jimmy Huang

Large language models (LLMs) are evolving fast and are now frequently used as evaluators, in a process typically referred to as LLM-as-a-Judge, which provides quality assessments of model outputs. However, recent research points out…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Hugo Silva , Mateus Mendes , Hugo Gonçalo Oliveira

To reduce the need for human annotations, large language models (LLMs) have been proposed as judges of the quality of other candidate models. The performance of LLM judges is typically evaluated by measuring the correlation with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Andreas Stephan , Dawei Zhu , Matthias Aßenmacher , Xiaoyu Shen , Benjamin Roth

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed across healthcare applications, including clinical documentation, diagnostic reasoning, medicine recommendation, and medical education. Their outputs are largely unstructured clinical…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Lingyao Li , Deyi Li , Chen Chen , Renkai Ma , Runlong Yu , Mingquan Lin , Rui Yin , Lizhou Fan , Cathy Shyr , Siyuan Ma , Mei Liu , Steven Bethard

Offering a promising solution to the scalability challenges associated with human evaluation, the LLM-as-a-judge paradigm is rapidly gaining traction as an approach to evaluating large language models (LLMs). However, there are still many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Aman Singh Thakur , Kartik Choudhary , Venkat Srinik Ramayapally , Sankaran Vaidyanathan , Dieuwke Hupkes

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have gained significant attention recently, showing remarkable potential in artificial general intelligence. However, assessing the utility of MLLMs presents considerable challenges, primarily due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Dongping Chen , Ruoxi Chen , Shilin Zhang , Yinuo Liu , Yaochen Wang , Huichi Zhou , Qihui Zhang , Yao Wan , Pan Zhou , Lichao Sun

Accurate and consistent evaluation is crucial for decision-making across numerous fields, yet it remains a challenging task due to inherent subjectivity, variability, and scale. Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success…

Extractive reading comprehension question answering (QA) datasets are typically evaluated using Exact Match (EM) and F1-score, but these metrics often fail to fully capture model performance. With the success of large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Xanh Ho , Jiahao Huang , Florian Boudin , Akiko Aizawa

Evaluation of large language model (LLM) outputs requires users to make critical judgments about the best outputs across various configurations. This process is costly and takes time given the large amounts of data. LLMs are increasingly…

Ensuring that large language models (LLMs) reflect diverse user values and preferences is crucial as their user bases expand globally. It is therefore encouraging to see the growing interest in LLM personalization within the research…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yijiang River Dong , Tiancheng Hu , Nigel Collier

LLM-as-a-Judge and reward models are widely used alternatives of multiple-choice questions or human annotators for large language model (LLM) evaluation. Their efficacy shines in evaluating long-form responses, serving a critical role as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Guijin Son , Hyunwoo Ko , Hoyoung Lee , Yewon Kim , Seunghyeok Hong

Assessment and evaluation have long been critical challenges in artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP). Traditional methods, usually matching-based or small model-based, often fall short in open-ended and dynamic…

Large language models (LLMs) are being widely applied across various fields, but as tasks become more complex, evaluating their responses is increasingly challenging. Compared to human evaluators, the use of LLMs to support performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Yuran Li , Jama Hussein Mohamud , Chongren Sun , Di Wu , Benoit Boulet

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used to autonomously evaluate the quality of content in communication systems, e.g., to assess responses in telecom customer support chatbots. However, the impartiality of these AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jiaxin Gao , Chen Chen , Yanwen Jia , Xueluan Gong , Kwok-Yan Lam , Qian Wang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated judges to evaluate recommendation systems, search engines, and other subjective tasks, where relying on human evaluators can be costly, time-consuming, and unscalable. LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Gerrit J. J. van den Burg , Gen Suzuki , Wei Liu , Murat Sensoy

Systematic reviews (SR), in which experts summarize and analyze evidence across individual studies to provide insights on a specialized topic, are a cornerstone for evidence-based clinical decision-making, research, and policy. Given the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Christopher Polzak , Alejandro Lozano , Min Woo Sun , James Burgess , Yuhui Zhang , Kevin Wu , Serena Yeung-Levy

Prompting large language models (LLMs) to evaluate generated text, known as LLM-as-a-judge, has become a standard evaluation approach in natural language generation (NLG), but is primarily used as a quantitative tool, i.e. with numerical…

Adopting human and large language models (LLM) as judges (a.k.a human- and LLM-as-a-judge) for evaluating the performance of LLMs has recently gained attention. Nonetheless, this approach concurrently introduces potential biases from human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Guiming Hardy Chen , Shunian Chen , Ziche Liu , Feng Jiang , Benyou Wang

Reliable evaluation of large language models (LLMs) is critical as their deployment rapidly expands, particularly in high-stakes domains such as business and finance. The LLM-as-a-Judge framework, which uses prompted LLMs to evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Michael Krumdick , Charles Lovering , Varshini Reddy , Seth Ebner , Chris Tanner
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