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Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as promising solutions for a variety of medical and clinical decision support applications. However, LLMs are often subject to different types of biases, which can lead to unfair treatment of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Raphael Poulain , Hamed Fayyaz , Rahmatollah Beheshti

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used to simulate human-like decision making in agent-based financial market models (ABMs). As models become more powerful and accessible, researchers can now incorporate individual LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Alicia Vidler , Toby Walsh

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into software applications. Downstream application developers often access LLMs through APIs provided as a service. However, LLM APIs are often updated silently and scheduled to be…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Wanqin Ma , Chenyang Yang , Christian Kästner

The democratization of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) allows users to fine-tune and deploy models on local infrastructure but exposes them to a First Mile deployment landscape. Unlike black-box API consumption, the reliability of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Guangba Yu , Zirui Wang , Yujie Huang , Renyi Zhong , Yuedong Zhong , Yilun Wang , Michael R. Lyu

Large language models (LLMs) power many state-of-the-art systems in natural language processing. However, these models are extremely computationally expensive, even at inference time, raising the natural question: when is the extra cost of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Deepak Narayanan , Keshav Santhanam , Peter Henderson , Rishi Bommasani , Tony Lee , Percy Liang

Large language models are increasingly customized through fine-tuning and other adaptations, creating challenges in enforcing licensing terms and managing downstream impacts. Tracking model origins is crucial both for protecting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Ivica Nikolic , Teodora Baluta , Prateek Saxena

Open-weight large language models (LLMs) are usually named as model artifacts, but production users often consume them as hosted API services. This paper argues that the operational unit is a service object: a provider-specific,…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Haorui Li , Zhenghui He , Xuanzi Liu , Yang Xu , Dongsheng Liu , Jiakang Ma , Lupan Wu , Yangjie Wu , Xiongchao Tang , Tianhui Shi

Measuring progress is fundamental to the advancement of any scientific field. As benchmarks play an increasingly central role, they also grow more susceptible to distortion. Chatbot Arena has emerged as the go-to leaderboard for ranking the…

With the widespread application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in various tasks, the mainstream LLM platforms generate massive user-model interactions daily. In order to efficiently analyze the performance of models and diagnose failures…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Zishan Xu , Shuyi Xie , Qingsong Lv , Shupei Xiao , Linlin Song , Sui Wenjuan , Fan Lin

We consider the problem of auditing black-box large language models (LLMs) to ensure they behave reliably when deployed in production settings, particularly in high-stakes domains such as legal, medical, and regulatory compliance. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Paulius Rauba , Qiyao Wei , Mihaela van der Schaar

This study presents a novel benchmark for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) using challenges derived from the Financial Modeling World Cup (FMWC) Excel competitions. We introduce a methodology for converting 113 existing FMWC…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-09 David Noever , Forrest McKee

Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen an impressive wave of advances recently, with models now excelling in a variety of tasks, such as mathematical reasoning and program synthesis. However, their potential to effectively use tools via API…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Shishir G. Patil , Tianjun Zhang , Xin Wang , Joseph E. Gonzalez

As REST APIs become an increasingly significant part of software systems, their validation is becoming more critical. Hence, testing and uncovering underlying issues are of utmost importance for improving software quality. However, testing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Shehroz Khan , Abdullah Mughees , Gaadha Sudheerbabu , Tanwir Ahmad , Dragos Truscan

Unlocking the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in data classification represents a promising frontier in natural language processing. In this work, we evaluate the performance of different LLMs in comparison with state-of-the-art…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Arina Kostina , Marios D. Dikaiakos , Dimosthenis Stefanidis , George Pallis

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely employed in programming language analysis to enhance human productivity. Yet, their reliability can be compromised by various code distribution shifts, leading to inconsistent outputs. While…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Yufei Li , Simin Chen , Yanghong Guo , Wei Yang , Yue Dong , Cong Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used for accessing information on the web. Their truthfulness and factuality are thus of great interest. To help users make the right decisions about the information they get, LLMs should not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Chenglei Si , Navita Goyal , Sherry Tongshuang Wu , Chen Zhao , Shi Feng , Hal Daumé , Jordan Boyd-Graber

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to build autonomous agents that perform complex tasks with external tools, often exposed through APIs in enterprise systems. Direct use of these APIs is difficult due to the complex input…

Inequality proving, crucial across diverse scientific and mathematical fields, tests advanced reasoning skills such as discovering tight bounds and strategic theorem application. This makes it a distinct, demanding frontier for large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Pan Lu , Jiayi Sheng , Luna Lyu , Jikai Jin , Tony Xia , Alex Gu , James Zou

Pre-trained or fine-tuned on large code corpora, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in code completion tasks. However, their embedded knowledge is constrained by the timeliness of training data, which often…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Guancheng Lin , Xiao Yu , Jacky Keung , Xing Hu , Xin Xia , Alex X. Liu

Evaluating the real-world applicability of large language models (LLMs) provides valuable insights for their development and use in software development tasks. Existing benchmarks often focus on standalone coding problems or specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Jun Xing , Mayur Bhatia , Sahil Phulwani , Darshan Suresh , Rafik Matta