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Convex analysis is a modern branch of mathematics with many applications. As Large Language Models (LLMs) start to automate research-level math and sciences, it is important for LLMs to demonstrate the ability to understand and reason with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yepeng Liu , Yu Huang , Yu-Xiang Wang , Yingbin Liang , Yuheng Bu

An open challenge in recent machine learning is about how to improve the reasoning capability of large language models (LLMs) in a black-box setting, i.e., without access to detailed information such as output token probabilities. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Jaehyung Kim , Dongyoung Kim , Yiming Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased their remarkable capabilities in diverse domains, encompassing natural language understanding, translation, and even code generation. The potential for LLMs to generate harmful content is a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Mingke Yang , Yuqi Chen , Yi Liu , Ling Shi

Development of formal proofs of correctness of programs can increase actual and perceived reliability and facilitate better understanding of program specifications and their underlying assumptions. Tools supporting such development have…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Talia Ringer , Karl Palmskog , Ilya Sergey , Milos Gligoric , Zachary Tatlock

As software projects become increasingly complex, the volume and variety of issues in code files have grown substantially. Addressing this challenge requires efficient issue detection, resolution, and evaluation tools. This paper presents…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Seyed Moein Abtahi , Akramul Azim

We report the results of the first experiments with learning proof dependencies from the formalizations done with the Coq system. We explain the process of obtaining the dependencies from the Coq proofs, the characterization of formulas…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-10-22 Cezary Kaliszyk , Lionel Mamane , Josef Urban

To obtain the highest confidence on the correction of numerical simulation programs for the resolution of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs), one has to formalize the mathematical notions and results that allow to establish the soundness…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-10-03 François Clément , Vincent Martin

A compiler consists of a sequence of phases going from lexical analysis to code generation. Ideally, the formal verification of a compiler should include the formal verification of each component of the tool-chain. An example is the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Wendlasida Ouedraogo , Gabriel Scherer , Lutz Strassburger

Formal verification provides the highest assurance of software correctness and security, but its application to large-scale, evolving systems remains a major challenge. While large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in automating…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Yuwei Liu , Xinyi Wan , Yanhao Wang , Minghua Wang , Lin Huang , Tao Wei

Large Language Models (LLMs) significantly benefit from Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting in performing various reasoning tasks. While CoT allows models to produce more comprehensive reasoning processes, its emphasis on intermediate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Zhan Ling , Yunhao Fang , Xuanlin Li , Zhiao Huang , Mingu Lee , Roland Memisevic , Hao Su

A reliable technique for deductive program verification should be proven sound with respect to the semantics of the programming language. For each different language, the construction of a separate soundness proof is often a laborious…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-08-05 Ximeng Li , Qianying Zhang , Guohui Wang , Zhiping Shi , Yong Guan

The ever-growing complexity of mathematical proofs makes their manual verification by mathematicians very cognitively demanding. Autoformalization seeks to address this by translating proofs written in natural language into a formal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-06 Garett Cunningham , Razvan C. Bunescu , David Juedes

As software projects progress, quality of code assumes paramount importance as it affects reliability, maintainability and security of software. For this reason, static analysis tools are used in developer workflows to flag code quality…

Automated testing plays a crucial role in ensuring software security. It heavily relies on formal specifications to validate the correctness of the system behavior. However, the main approach to defining these formal specifications is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Hui Li , Zhen Dong , Siao Wang , Hui Zhang , Liwei Shen , Xin Peng , Dongdong She

Modern Large Language Model (LLM) systems are assembled from third-party artifacts such as pre-trained weights, fine-tuning adapters, datasets, dependency packages, and container images, fetched through automated pipelines. This speed comes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Zhuoran Tan , Jeremy Singer , Christos Anagnostopoulos

Proving mathematical theorems using computer-verifiable formal languages like Lean significantly impacts mathematical reasoning. One approach to formal theorem proving involves generating complete proofs using Large Language Models (LLMs)…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Ruida Wang , Jipeng Zhang , Yizhen Jia , Rui Pan , Shizhe Diao , Renjie Pi , Tong Zhang

We introduce ProofGrid, a benchmark suite for evaluating LLM reasoning through machine-checkable proofs rather than final answers alone. ProofGrid contains 15 tasks spanning proof writing, proof checking, proof masking, and proof…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Konstantine Arkoudas , Serafim Batzoglou

Large language models (LLM), such as Google's Minerva and OpenAI's GPT families, are becoming increasingly capable of solving mathematical quantitative reasoning problems. However, they still make unjustified logical and computational…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Jin Peng Zhou , Charles Staats , Wenda Li , Christian Szegedy , Kilian Q. Weinberger , Yuhuai Wu

Despite significant advancements in the general capability of large language models (LLMs), they continue to struggle with consistent and accurate reasoning, especially in complex tasks such as mathematical and code reasoning. One key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Zhenwen Liang , Ye Liu , Tong Niu , Xiangliang Zhang , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz

Coding conventions for naming, spacing, and other essentially stylistic properties are necessary for developers to effectively understand, review, and modify source code in large software projects. Consistent conventions in verification…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-04-23 Pengyu Nie , Karl Palmskog , Junyi Jessy Li , Milos Gligoric