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Discrete speech tokens have gained attention for their storage efficiency and integration with Large Language Models (LLMs). They are commonly categorized into acoustic and semantic tokens, with the latter being more advantageous for…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-04 Mohan Shi , Natarajan Balaji Shankar , Kaiyuan Zhang , Zilai Wang , Abeer Alwan

Recently, unified speech-text models, such as SpeechGPT, VioLA, and AudioPaLM, have achieved remarkable performance on various speech tasks. These models discretize speech signals into tokens (speech discretization) and use a shared…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Qian Chen , Wen Wang , Qinglin Zhang , Siqi Zheng , Shiliang Zhang , Chong Deng , Yukun Ma , Hai Yu , Jiaqing Liu , Chong Zhang

The distributed and continuous representations used by neural networks are at odds with representations employed in linguistics, which are typically symbolic. Vector quantization has been proposed as a way to induce discrete neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Bertrand Higy , Lieke Gelderloos , Afra Alishahi , Grzegorz Chrupała

In recent years, self-supervised learning (SSL) models have produced promising results in a variety of speech-processing tasks, especially in contexts of data scarcity. In this paper, we study the use of SSL models for the task of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Jazmin Vidal , Pablo Riera , Luciana Ferrer

To understand why self-supervised learning (SSL) models have empirically achieved strong performances on several speech-processing downstream tasks, numerous studies have focused on analyzing the encoded information of the SSL layer…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-07 Jialu Li , Mark Hasegawa-Johnson , Nancy L. McElwain

Recent advancements in speech synthesis witness significant benefits by leveraging discrete tokens extracted from self-supervised learning (SSL) models. Discrete tokens offer higher storage efficiency and greater operability in intermediate…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Yuning Wu , Chunlei zhang , Jiatong Shi , Yuxun Tang , Shan Yang , Qin Jin

Self-supervised learning in speech involves training a speech representation network on a large-scale unannotated speech corpus, and then applying the learned representations to downstream tasks. Since the majority of the downstream tasks…

Discrete representation has shown advantages in speech generation tasks, wherein discrete tokens are derived by discretizing hidden features from self-supervised learning (SSL) pre-trained models. However, the direct application of speech…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Yuxun Tang , Yuning Wu , Jiatong Shi , Qin Jin

Existing Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) models for speech typically process speech signals at a fixed resolution of 20 milliseconds. This approach overlooks the varying informational content present at different resolutions in speech…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Jiatong Shi , Hirofumi Inaguma , Xutai Ma , Ilia Kulikov , Anna Sun

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for learning flexible speech representations from unlabeled data. By designing pretext tasks that exploit statistical regularities, SSL models can capture useful…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Yusuf Brima , Ulf Krumnack , Simone Pika , Gunther Heidemann

Enhancing explainability in speech self-supervised learning (SSL) is important for developing reliable SSL-based speech processing systems. This study probes how speech SSL models encode speaker-specific information via a large-scale…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-06 Aemon Yat Fei Chiu , Kei Ching Fung , Roger Tsz Yeung Li , Jingyu Li , Tan Lee

Recently, pioneer work finds that speech pre-trained models can solve full-stack speech processing tasks, because the model utilizes bottom layers to learn speaker-related information and top layers to encode content-related information.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-17 Chengyi Wang , Yu Wu , Sanyuan Chen , Shujie Liu , Jinyu Li , Yao Qian , Zhenglu Yang

Self-supervised learning (SSL) leverages large datasets of unlabeled speech to reach impressive performance with reduced amounts of annotated data. The high number of proposed approaches fostered the emergence of comprehensive benchmarks…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-22 Salah Zaiem , Youcef Kemiche , Titouan Parcollet , Slim Essid , Mirco Ravanelli

Self-supervised learning (SSL) based speech pre-training has attracted much attention for its capability of extracting rich representations learned from massive unlabeled data. On the other hand, the use of weakly-supervised data is less…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-30 Wangyou Zhang , Yanmin Qian

In large part due to their implicit semantic modeling, self-supervised learning (SSL) methods have significantly increased the performance of valence recognition in speech emotion recognition (SER) systems. Yet, their large size may often…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-20 Danilo de Oliveira , Navin Raj Prabhu , Timo Gerkmann

Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) has gained traction for its ability to learn rich representations with low labeling costs, applicable across diverse downstream tasks. However, assessing the downstream-task performance remains challenging due…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Takashi Maekaku , Keita Goto , Jinchuan Tian , Yusuke Shinohara , Shinji Watanabe

Self-supervised learning (SSL) models have become crucial in speech processing, with recent advancements concentrating on developing architectures that capture representations across multiple timescales. The primary goal of these…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-01 Theo Clark , Benedetta Cevoli , Eloy de Jong , Timofey Abramski , Jamie Dougherty

Depression, a prevalent mental health disorder impacting millions globally, demands reliable assessment systems. Unlike previous studies that focus solely on either detecting depression or predicting its severity, our work identifies…

Discrete audio representations are gaining traction in speech modeling due to their interpretability and compatibility with large language models, but are not always optimized for noisy or real-world environments. Building on existing works…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Shreyas Gopal , Ashutosh Anshul , Haoyang Li , Yue Heng Yeo , Hexin Liu , Eng Siong Chng

Discrete audio tokens have recently gained attention for their potential to bridge the gap between audio and language processing. Ideal audio tokens must preserve content, paralinguistic elements, speaker identity, and many other audio…