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The rapid advancements of Large Language Models (LLMs) tightly associate with the expansion of the training data size. However, the unchecked ultra-large-scale training sets introduce a series of potential risks like data contamination,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Wentao Ye , Jiaqi Hu , Liyao Li , Haobo Wang , Gang Chen , Junbo Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) are trained on massive corpora that may contain sensitive information, creating privacy risks under membership inference attacks (MIAs). Knowledge distillation is widely used to compress LLMs into smaller…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ziyao Cui , Minxing Zhang , Jian Pei

Large language models are widespread, with their performance on benchmarks frequently guiding user preferences for one model over another. However, the vast amount of data these models are trained on can inadvertently lead to contamination…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Jasper Dekoninck , Mark Niklas Müller , Maximilian Baader , Marc Fischer , Martin Vechev

Today, the training of large language models (LLMs) can involve personally identifiable information and copyrighted material, incurring dataset misuse. To mitigate the problem of dataset misuse, this paper explores \textit{dataset…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Ruikai Zhou , Kang Yang , Xun Chen , Wendy Hui Wang , Guanhong Tao , Jun Xu

Membership inference attacks (MIAs) are widely used to assess the privacy risks associated with machine learning models. However, when these attacks are applied to pre-trained large language models (LLMs), they encounter significant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Meng Tong , Yuntao Du , Kejiang Chen , Weiming Zhang , Ninghui Li

In this paper we develop state-of-the-art privacy attacks against Large Language Models (LLMs), where an adversary with some access to the model tries to learn something about the underlying training data. Our headline results are new…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Jeffrey G. Wang , Jason Wang , Marvin Li , Seth Neel

Large language models (LLMs) have become the backbone of modern natural language processing but pose privacy concerns about leaking sensitive training data. Membership inference attacks (MIAs), which aim to infer whether a sample is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Toan Tran , Ruixuan Liu , Li Xiong

Membership Inference Attacks (MIA) aim to infer whether a target data record has been utilized for model training or not. Existing MIAs designed for large language models (LLMs) can be bifurcated into two types: reference-free and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Wenjie Fu , Huandong Wang , Chen Gao , Guanghua Liu , Yong Li , Tao Jiang

Among all privacy attacks against Machine Learning (ML), membership inference attacks (MIA) attracted the most attention. In these attacks, the attacker is given an ML model and a data point, and they must infer whether the data point was…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Bram van Dartel , Marc Damie , Florian Hahn

Large Language Models (LLMs) have the promise to revolutionize computing broadly, but their complexity and extensive training data also expose significant privacy vulnerabilities. One of the simplest privacy risks associated with LLMs is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Rongting Zhang , Martin Bertran , Aaron Roth

Data contamination has received increasing attention in the era of large language models (LLMs) due to their reliance on vast Internet-derived training corpora. To mitigate the risk of potential data contamination, LLM benchmarking has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Simin Chen , Yiming Chen , Zexin Li , Yifan Jiang , Zhongwei Wan , Yixin He , Dezhi Ran , Tianle Gu , Haizhou Li , Tao Xie , Baishakhi Ray

Large language models (LLMs) have become essential tools for digital task assistance. Their training relies heavily on the collection of vast amounts of data, which may include copyright-protected or sensitive information. Recent studies on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Sagiv Antebi , Edan Habler , Asaf Shabtai , Yuval Elovici

Machine learning (ML) models have been widely applied to various applications, including image classification, text generation, audio recognition, and graph data analysis. However, recent studies have shown that ML models are vulnerable to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Hongsheng Hu , Zoran Salcic , Lichao Sun , Gillian Dobbie , Philip S. Yu , Xuyun Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in interactive and retrieval-augmented settings, raising significant privacy concerns. While attacks such as Membership Inference (MIA), Attribute Inference (AIA), Data Extraction…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Karima Makhlouf , Lamiaa Basyoni , Syed Khaderi , Gabriel Marquez , Peter Sotomango , Mahmoud Awawdah , Sami Zhioua

Membership inference attacks (MIA) can reveal whether a particular data point was part of the training dataset, potentially exposing sensitive information about individuals. This article provides theoretical guarantees by exploring the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-08 Eric Aubinais , Elisabeth Gassiat , Pablo Piantanida

Data contamination undermines the validity of Large Language Model evaluation by enabling models to rely on memorized benchmark content rather than true generalization. While prior work has proposed contamination detection methods, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Chaymaa Abbas , Nour Shamaa , Mariette Awad

Public leaderboards increasingly suggest that large language models (LLMs) surpass human experts on benchmarks spanning academic knowledge, law, and programming. Yet most benchmarks are fully public, their questions widely mirrored across…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Eshwar Reddy M , Sourav Karmakar

State-of-the-art membership inference attacks (MIAs) typically require training many reference models, making it difficult to scale these attacks to large pre-trained language models (LLMs). As a result, prior research has either relied on…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained on large-scale web data, which makes it difficult to grasp the contribution of each text. This poses the risk of leaking inappropriate data such as benchmarks, personal information, and copyrighted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Masahiro Kaneko , Youmi Ma , Yuki Wata , Naoaki Okazaki

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) show impressive vision-language benchmark performance, yet growing concerns about data contamination (test set exposure during training) risk masking true generalization. This concern extends to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Ming Liu , Wensheng Zhang