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With the rapid development of multimodal large language models (MLLMs), they are increasingly deployed as autonomous computer-use agents capable of accomplishing complex computer tasks. However, a pressing issue arises: Can the safety risk…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Jingyi Yang , Shuai Shao , Dongrui Liu , Jing Shao

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have demonstrated the ability to interact with humans under real-world conditions by combining Large Language Models (LLMs) and modality encoders to align multimodal information (visual and auditory) with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Hao Yang , Lizhen Qu , Ehsan Shareghi , Gholamreza Haffari

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have been increasingly used as automatic evaluators-a paradigm known as MLLM-as-a-Judge. However, their reliability and vulnerabilities to biases remain underexplored. We find that many MLLM judges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Sua Lee , Sanghee Park , Jinbae Im

In the rapidly evolving landscape of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), the safety concerns of their outputs have earned significant attention. Although numerous datasets have been proposed, they may become outdated with MLLM…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Hanqing Wang , Yuan Tian , Mingyu Liu , Zhenhao Zhang , Xiangyang Zhu

As Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) advance, multimodal agents show promise in real-world tasks like web navigation and embodied intelligence. However, due to limitations in a lack of external feedback, these agents struggle with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Tianyi Men , Zhuoran Jin , Pengfei Cao , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

The widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) raises concerns about the potential harmfulness of their responses. In this paper, we first investigate the harmfulness of responses from four general-purpose LLMs. Next, we propose…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Giordano d'Aloisio , David Williams , Giusy Annunziata , Zhiwei Fei , Antinisca Di Marco , Federica Sarro

In the rapidly evolving field of Large Language Models (LLMs), ensuring safety is a crucial and widely discussed topic. However, existing works often overlook the geo-diversity of cultural and legal standards across the world. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Da Yin , Haoyi Qiu , Kung-Hsiang Huang , Kai-Wei Chang , Nanyun Peng

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) for mental health support is challenging due to the emotionally and cognitively complex nature of therapeutic dialogue. Existing benchmarks are limited in scale, reliability, often relying on…

Autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs) show promising potential in assistive tasks across various domains, including mobile device control. As these agents interact directly with personal information and device settings,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Juyong Lee , Dongyoon Hahm , June Suk Choi , W. Bradley Knox , Kimin Lee

Medical question answering (QA) benchmarks often focus on multiple-choice or fact-based tasks, leaving open-ended answers to real patient questions underexplored. This gap is particularly critical in mental health, where patient questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yahan Li , Jifan Yao , John Bosco S. Bunyi , Adam C. Frank , Angel Hsing-Chi Hwang , Ruishan Liu

The widespread adoption and increasing prominence of large language models (LLMs) in global technologies necessitate a rigorous focus on ensuring their safety across a diverse range of linguistic and cultural contexts. The lack of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Zhiyuan Ning , Tianle Gu , Jiaxin Song , Shixin Hong , Lingyu Li , Huacan Liu , Jie Li , Yixu Wang , Meng Lingyu , Yan Teng , Yingchun Wang

Jailbreak attacks reveal critical vulnerabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs) by causing them to generate harmful or unethical content. Evaluating these threats is particularly challenging due to the evolving nature of LLMs and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Peiyan Zhang , Haibo Jin , Liying Kang , Haohan Wang

We present MultiBreak, a scalable and diverse multi-turn jailbreak benchmark to evaluate large language model (LLM) safety. Multi-turn jailbreaks mimic natural conversational settings, making them easier to bypass safety-aligned LLM than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Jialin Song , Xiaodong Liu , Weiwei Yang , Wuyang Chen , Mingqian Feng , Xuekai Zhu , Jianfeng Gao

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit advancing capabilities in complex tasks, such as reasoning and graduate-level question answering, yet their resilience against misuse, particularly involving scientifically sophisticated risks, remains…

Unified Multimodal Large Models (UMLMs) integrate understanding and generation capabilities within a single architecture. While this architectural unification, driven by the deep fusion of multimodal features, enhances model performance, it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Zixiang Peng , Yongxiu Xu , Qinyi Zhang , Jiexun Shen , Yifan Zhang , Hongbo Xu , Yubin Wang , Gaopeng Gou

Current jailbreaking work on large language models (LLMs) aims to elicit unsafe outputs from given prompts. However, it only focuses on single-turn jailbreaking targeting one specific query. On the contrary, the advanced LLMs are designed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Xianjun Yang , Liqiang Xiao , Shiyang Li , Faisal Ladhak , Hyokun Yun , Linda Ruth Petzold , Yi Xu , William Yang Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a broad spectrum of tasks. They have attracted significant attention and been deployed in numerous downstream applications. Nevertheless, akin to a double-edged…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Zishan Guo , Renren Jin , Chuang Liu , Yufei Huang , Dan Shi , Supryadi , Linhao Yu , Yan Liu , Jiaxuan Li , Bojian Xiong , Deyi Xiong

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are increasingly deployed as the core reasoning engine for web-facing systems, powering GUI agents and front-end automation that must interpret page structure, select actionable widgets, and execute…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Junliang Liu , Jingyu Xiao , Wenxin Tang , Zhixian Wang , Zipeng Xie , Wenxuan Wang , Minrui Zhang , Shuanghe Yu

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in healthcare field, it becomes essential to carefully evaluate their medical safety before clinical use. However, existing safety benchmarks remain predominantly English-centric,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Junyu Liu , Zirui Li , Qian Niu , Zequn Zhang , Yue Xun , Wenlong Hou , Shujun Wang , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo , Kan Hatakeyama-Sato

Using Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) as judges to achieve precise and consistent evaluations has gradually become an emerging paradigm across various domains. Evaluating the capability and reliability of MLLM-as-a-judge systems is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zeyu Chen , Huanjin Yao , Ziwang Zhao , Min Yang
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