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With the rapid development of quantum computing, automatic verification of quantum circuits becomes more and more important. While several decision diagrams (DDs) have been introduced in quantum circuit simulation and verification, none of…

Quantum computing promises exponential speed-ups for important simulation and optimization problems. It also poses new CAD problems that are similar to, but more challenging, than the related problems in classical (non-quantum) CAD, such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-11-04 George F. Viamontes , Igor L. Markov , John P. Hayes

Hoare-style verification provides a principled foundation for reasoning about the correctness of quantum programs, but existing approaches do not allow fully automatic verification. While automata-based verification scales well when…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Wei-Lun Tsai , Yu-Fang Chen , Ondřej Lengál

Quantum computations are expressed in general as quantum circuits, which are specified by ordered lists of quantum gates. The resulting specifications are used during the optimisation and execution of the expressed computations. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-08 Alexandru Paler , Simon J. Devitt

We define a formal framework for equivalence checking of sequential quantum circuits. The model we adopt is a quantum state machine, which is a natural quantum generalisation of Mealy machines. A major difficulty in checking quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-13 Qisheng Wang , Riling Li , Mingsheng Ying

Fast and robust quantum control protocols are often based on an idealised approximate description of the relevant quantum system. While this may provide a performance which is close to optimal, improvements can be made by incorporating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-01 Chris Whitty , Anthony Kiely , Andreas Ruschhaupt

We present symQV, a symbolic execution framework for writing and verifying quantum computations in the quantum circuit model. symQV can automatically verify that a quantum program complies with a first-order specification. We formally…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-14 Fabian Bauer-Marquart , Stefan Leue , Christian Schilling

Lattice Gas Cellular Automata (LGCA) is a classical numerical method widely known and applied to simulate several physical phenomena. In this paper, we study the translation of LGCA on quantum computers (QC) using computational basis…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-28 Niccolo Fonio , Pierre Sagaut , Giuseppe Di Molfetta

Variational quantum algorithms have been introduced as a promising class of quantum-classical hybrid algorithms that can already be used with the noisy quantum computing hardware available today by employing parameterized quantum circuits.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-10 Tom Peham , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

With the race to build large-scale quantum computers and efforts to exploit quantum algorithms for efficient problem solving in science and engineering disciplines, the requirement to have efficient and scalable verification methods are of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-14 Arun Govindankutty , Sudarshan K. Srinivasan , Nimish Mathure

Scalable classical simulation of quantum circuits is crucial for advancing quantum algorithm development and validating emerging hardware. This work focuses on performance enhancements through targeted low-level and NUMA-aware tuning on a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-07 Ali Rezaei , Luc Jaulmes , Maria Bahna , Oliver Thomson Brown , Antonio Barbalace

We introduce a framework for the formal specification and verification of quantum circuits based on the Feynman path integral. Our formalism, built around exponential sums of polynomial functions, provides a structured and natural way of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-30 Matthew Amy

We consider the problem of minimising the number of states in a multiplicity tree automaton over the field of rational numbers. We give a minimisation algorithm that runs in polynomial time assuming unit-cost arithmetic. We also show that a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-03-14 Stefan Kiefer , Ines Marusic , James Worrell

We initiate the study of parameterized complexity of $\textsf{QMA}$ problems in terms of the number of non-Clifford gates in the problem description. We show that for the problem of parameterized quantum circuit satisfiability, there exists…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-13 Srinivasan Arunachalam , Sergey Bravyi , Chinmay Nirkhe , Bryan O'Gorman

As quantum computing becomes an emerging reality, designing efficient quantum programming capabilities is becoming more and more important. Particularly, the debugging and validation of quantum programs is of paramount importance, as these…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Christophe Chareton , Jad Issa , Mathieu Nguyen , Nicolas Blanco , Sébastien Bardin

Checking whether two quantum circuits are equivalent is important for the design and optimization of quantum-computer applications with real-world devices. We consider quantum circuits consisting of Clifford gates, a practically-relevant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-03 Dimitrios Thanos , Tim Coopmans , Alfons Laarman

The rapid advancement of quantum hardware necessitates the development of reliable methods to certify its correct functioning. However, existing certification tests fall short, as they either suffer from systematic errors or do not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-13 Jan Nöller , Nikolai Miklin , Martin Kliesch , Mariami Gachechiladze

Realizing a conceptual quantum algorithm on an actual physical device necessitates the algorithm's quantum circuit description to undergo certain transformations in order to adhere to all constraints imposed by the hardware. In this regard,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-11 Lukas Burgholzer , Rudy Raymond , Robert Wille

Extensions to finite-state automata on strings, such as multi-head automata or multi-counter automata, have been successfully used to encode many infinite-state non-regular verification problems. In this paper, we consider a generalization…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-09-25 Rayna Dimitrova , Rupak Majumdar

Equivalence checking of quantum circuits is a central verification task in quantum computing, ensuring the correctness of circuit optimizations, hardware mappings, and compilation pipelines. Among the primary symbolic methods for this…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Wei-Jia Huang , Christophe Chareton , Yu-Fang Chen , Kai-Min Chung , Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Alfons Laarman , Jingyi Mei