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The effective assessment of the instruction-following ability of large language models (LLMs) is of paramount importance. A model that cannot adhere to human instructions might be not able to provide reliable and helpful responses. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Yimin Jing , Renren Jin , Jiahao Hu , Huishi Qiu , Xiaohua Wang , Peng Wang , Deyi Xiong

Test-time prompt tuning for vision-language models has demonstrated impressive generalization capabilities under zero-shot settings. However, tuning the learnable prompts solely based on unlabeled test data may induce prompt optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Fei Song , Yi Li , Rui Wang , Jiahuan Zhou , Changwen Zheng , Jiangmeng Li

State-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve high pass@1 on general benchmarks like HumanEval but underperform on specialized suites such as ParEval. Is this due to LLMs missing domain knowledge or insufficient prompt detail is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Yangtian Zi , Harshitha Menon , Arjun Guha

Prompt optimization has become crucial for enhancing the performance of large language models (LLMs) across a broad range of tasks. Although many research papers demonstrate its effectiveness, practical adoption is hindered because existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Tom Zehle , Timo Heiß , Moritz Schlager , Matthias Aßenmacher , Matthias Feurer

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as evaluators for natural language generation tasks, ensuring unbiased assessments is essential. However, LLM evaluators often display biased preferences, such as favoring verbosity and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Hawon Jeong , ChaeHun Park , Jimin Hong , Hojoon Lee , Jaegul Choo

Prompt-based fine-tuning has boosted the performance of Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) on few-shot text classification by employing task-specific prompts. Yet, PLMs are unfamiliar with prompt-style expressions during pre-training, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Jianing Wang , Chengyu Wang , Fuli Luo , Chuanqi Tan , Minghui Qiu , Fei Yang , Qiuhui Shi , Songfang Huang , Ming Gao

The Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have activated the capabilitiesof Large Language Models (LLMs) in solving visual-language tasks by integratingvisual information. The prevailing approach in existing MLLMs involvesemploying an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Tianxiang Wu , Minxin Nie , Ziqiang Cao

Large language models are increasingly used for code generation, yet the correctness of their outputs depends not only on model capability but also on how tasks are specified. Prior studies demonstrate that small changes in natural language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Amal AKLI , Mike PAPADAKIS , Maxime CORDY , Yves Le TRAON

Automatic evaluation using multimodal large language models (MLLMs), commonly referred to as MLLM-as-a-Judge, has been widely used to measure model performance. If such MLLM-as-a-Judge methods were biased, they could distort model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Shuitsu Koyama , Yuiga Wada , Daichi Yashima , Komei Sugiura

Reward-based alignment methods for large language models (LLMs) face two key limitations: vulnerability to reward hacking, where models exploit flaws in the reward signal; and reliance on brittle, labor-intensive prompt engineering when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Zae Myung Kim , Chanwoo Park , Vipul Raheja , Suin Kim , Dongyeop Kang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained widespread popularity due to their ability to perform ad-hoc Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks with a simple natural language prompt. Part of the appeal for LLMs is their approachability to the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Aditi Mishra , Utkarsh Soni , Anjana Arunkumar , Jinbin Huang , Bum Chul Kwon , Chris Bryan

Prompt learning is an effective method to customize Vision-Language Models (VLMs) for various downstream tasks, involving tuning very few parameters of input prompt tokens. Recently, prompt pretraining in large-scale dataset (e.g.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Zhenyuan Chen , Lingfeng Yang , Shuo Chen , Zhaowei Chen , Jiajun Liang , Xiang Li

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit probabilistic output characteristics, yet conventional evaluation frameworks rely on deterministic scalar metrics. This study introduces a Bayesian approach for LLM capability assessment that integrates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Xiao Xiao , Yu Su , Sijing Zhang , Zhang Chen , Yadong Chen , Tian Liu

Generative large language models (LLMs), e.g., ChatGPT, have demonstrated remarkable proficiency across several NLP tasks, such as machine translation, text summarization. Recent research (Kocmi and Federmann, 2023) has shown that utilizing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Qingyu Lu , Baopu Qiu , Liang Ding , Kanjian Zhang , Tom Kocmi , Dacheng Tao

Automatic prompt optimization is an important approach to improving the performance of large language models (LLMs). Recent research demonstrates the potential of using LLMs as prompt optimizers, which can generate improved task prompts via…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Xinyu Tang , Xiaolei Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Siyuan Lu , Yaliang Li , Ji-Rong Wen

Several works have proven that finetuning is an applicable approach for debiasing contextualized word embeddings. Similarly, discrete prompts with semantic meanings have shown to be effective in debiasing tasks. With unfixed mathematical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ke Yang , Charles Yu , Yi Fung , Manling Li , Heng Ji

Evaluating Text Style Transfer (TST) is a complex task due to its multifaceted nature. The quality of the generated text is measured based on challenging factors, such as style transfer accuracy, content preservation, and overall fluency.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Phil Ostheimer , Mayank Nagda , Marius Kloft , Sophie Fellenz

Large language models (LLMs), renowned for their powerful conversational abilities, are widely recognized as exceptional tools in the field of education, particularly in the context of automated intelligent instruction systems for language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Kaiqi Fu , Linkai Peng , Nan Yang , Shuran Zhou

Prompting has become a practical method for utilizing pre-trained language models (LMs). This approach offers several advantages. It allows an LM to adapt to new tasks with minimal training and parameter updates, thus achieving efficiency…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-26 Kai-Wei Chang , Haibin Wu , Yu-Kai Wang , Yuan-Kuei Wu , Hua Shen , Wei-Cheng Tseng , Iu-thing Kang , Shang-Wen Li , Hung-yi Lee

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across a wide range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, ensuring their effectiveness across multiple languages presents unique challenges. Multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Shubham Vatsal , Harsh Dubey , Aditi Singh