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Downstream probing has been the dominant method for evaluating model representations, an important process given the increasing prominence of self-supervised learning and foundation models. However, downstream probing primarily assesses the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Christos Plachouras , Julien Guinot , George Fazekas , Elio Quinton , Emmanouil Benetos , Johan Pauwels

Causal probing aims to analyze foundation models by examining how intervening on their representation of various latent properties impacts their outputs. Recent works have cast doubt on the theoretical basis of several leading causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Marc Canby , Adam Davies , Chirag Rastogi , Julia Hockenmaier

Prior work evaluates code generation bias primarily through simple conditional statements, which represent only a narrow slice of real-world programming and reveal solely overt, explicitly encoded bias. We demonstrate that this approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Minh Duc Bui , Xenia Heilmann , Mattia Cerrato , Manuel Mager , Katharina von der Wense

Current machine learning models are evaluated through behavioral snapshots, with benchmark accuracies, win rates and outcome-based metrics. Model explanations and evaluations, however, are fundamentally intertwined: understanding why a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Isabelle Lee , Emmy Liu , Cathy Jiao , Brihi Joshi , Dani Yogatama , Fazl Barez , Michael Saxon

We present an automated, contrastive evaluation pipeline for auditing the behavioral impact of interventions on large language models. Given a base model $M_1$ and an intervention model $M_2$, our method compares their free-form,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Quintin Pope , Ajay Hayagreeve Balaji , Jacques Thibodeau , Xiaoli Fern

As Large Language Models increasingly mediate human communication and decision-making, understanding their value expression becomes critical for research across disciplines. This work presents the Ethics Engine, a modular Python pipeline…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jake Van Clief , Constantine Kyritsopoulos

Large Language Models (LLMs) are reported to hold undesirable attestation bias on inference tasks: when asked to predict if a premise P entails a hypothesis H, instead of considering H's conditional truthfulness entailed by P, LLMs tend to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Tianyang Liu , Tianyi Li , Liang Cheng , Mark Steedman

Large language models (LLMs) require precise behavior control for safe and effective deployment across diverse applications. Activation steering offers a promising approach for LLMs' behavioral control. We focus on the question of how…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Tetiana Bas , Krystian Novak

LLMs are emerging tools for simulating human behavior in business, economics, and social science, offering a lower-cost complement to laboratory experiments, field studies, and surveys. This paper evaluates how well LLMs replicate human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Runze Zhang , Xiaowei Zhang , Mingyang Zhao

We introduce Mechanistic Error Reduction with Abstention (MERA), a principled framework for steering language models (LMs) to mitigate errors through selective, adaptive interventions. Unlike existing methods that rely on fixed, manually…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Anna Hedström , Salim I. Amoukou , Tom Bewley , Saumitra Mishra , Manuela Veloso

With the growing popularity of Large Reasoning Models and their results in solving mathematical problems, it becomes crucial to measure their capabilities. We introduce a pipeline for both automatic and interactive verification as a more…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Varvara Sazonova , Dmitri Shmelkin , Stanislav Kikot , Vasily Motolygin

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly serve as automated evaluators, yet they suffer from "self-preference bias": a tendency to favor their own outputs over those of other models. This bias undermines fairness and reliability in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Dani Roytburg , Matthew Bozoukov , Matthew Nguyen , Jou Barzdukas , Simon Fu , Narmeen Oozeer

Feature steering has emerged as a promising approach for controlling LLM behavior through direct manipulation of internal representations, offering advantages over prompt engineering. However, its practical effectiveness in real-world…

Large language model (LLM) agents have emerged as a promising solution to automate the workflow of machine learning, but most existing methods share a common limitation: they attempt to optimize entire pipelines in a single step before…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Eric Xue , Ke Chen , Zeyi Huang , Yuyang Ji , Haohan Wang

Most existing evaluations of explainable machine learning (ML) methods rely on simplifying assumptions or proxies that do not reflect real-world use cases; the handful of more robust evaluations on real-world settings have shortcomings in…

Existing performance measures rank delineation algorithms inconsistently, which makes it difficult to decide which one is best in any given situation. We show that these inconsistencies stem from design flaws that make the metrics…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-02 Leonardo Citraro , Mateusz Koziński , Pascal Fua

While algorithmic fairness is a thriving area of research, in practice, mitigating issues of bias often gets reduced to enforcing an arbitrarily chosen fairness metric, either by enforcing fairness constraints during the optimization step,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Emily Black , Rakshit Naidu , Rayid Ghani , Kit T. Rodolfa , Daniel E. Ho , Hoda Heidari

Although much of the success of Deep Learning builds on learning good representations, a rigorous method to evaluate their quality is lacking. In this paper, we treat the evaluation of representations as a model selection problem and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Yazhe Li , Jorg Bornschein , Marcus Hutter

Current evaluations of Large Language Model (LLM) steering techniques focus on task-specific performance, overlooking how well steered representations align with human cognition. Using a well-established triadic similarity judgment task, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zach Studdiford , Timothy T. Rogers , Siddharth Suresh , Kushin Mukherjee

Recent advances in generative AI have led to remarkable interest in using systems that rely on large language models (LLMs) for practical applications. However, meaningful evaluation of these systems in real-world scenarios comes with a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Ethan M. Rudd , Christopher Andrews , Philip Tully