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We derive spectral fluctuation--dissipation--response inequalities for finite-state Markov jump processes. By comparing the causal susceptibility to its passive equilibrium reference, we establish frequency-resolved and frequency-integrated…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-04-23 Jie Gu

Stability and efficiency are mutually exclusive in a thermodynamic process, e.g. in a thermal machine. Any effort to reduce the fluctuations of a certain output quantity is necessarily accompanied by an increase of entropy production,…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2026-05-14 Franco Mayo , Nahual Sobrino , Rosario Fazio , Fabio Taddei , Michele Governale

We experimentally characterize the fluctuations of the non-homogeneous non-isotropic turbulence in an axisymmetric von K\'arm\'an flow. We show that these fluctuations satisfy relations analogous to classical Fluctuation-Dissipation…

The entropy generation rate in turbulence can be defined using the energy cascade rate as described in the scale-integrated Kolmogorov-Hill equation at a specified length scale. The fluctuation relation (FR) from non-equilibrium…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2025-07-04 Hanxun Yao , Tamer A. Zaki , Charles Meneveau

Thermodynamic Uncertainty Relations (TURs) set universal bounds linking current fluctuations to entropy production in nonequilibrium steady states. Their multidimensional generalization (MTUR) introduces matrix inequalities connecting…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2026-05-07 Sergi Vidal , Alba Mayor-Fernandez , Rosa Lopez

In this paper, we offer to the reader an essential review of the theory of Fluctuation-Dissipation Relations (FDR), from the first formulations due to Einstein and Onsager, to the recent developments in the framework of stochastic…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-12-07 Marco Baldovin , Lorenzo Caprini , Andrea Puglisi , Alessandro Sarracino , Angelo Vulpiani

A universal large $\mathcal{N}$ theory of nonequilibrium fluctuations emerges in the limit of fast jump rates and large occupancies. We use this theory to derive a set of coarse grained thermodynamic uncertainty relations (TUR) -- one of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-01-12 Ohad Shpielberg , Arnab Pal

There are only a very few known relations in statistical dynamics that are valid for systems driven arbitrarily far-from-equilibrium. One of these is the fluctuation theorem, which places conditions on the entropy production probability…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-09-25 Gavin E. Crooks

We derive fluctuation-response inequalities for Markov jump processes that link the fluctuations of general observables to the response to perturbations in the transition rates within a unified framework. These inequalities are derived…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-11-14 Euijoon Kwon , Hyun-Myung Chun , Hyunggyu Park , Jae Sung Lee

Fluctuations associated with relaxations in far-from-equilibrium regime is of fundamental interest for a large variety of systems within broad scales. Recent advances in techniques such as spectroscopy have generated the possibility for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-08 Zhedong Zhang , Xuanhua Wang , Jin Wang

We develop a unified fluctuation-response theory in the frequency domain for nonequilibrium steady states governed by overdamped Langevin dynamics and Markov jump processes. The relation expresses the power spectrum of general observables…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-07 Euijoon Kwon , Hyun-Myung Chun , Hyunggyu Park , Jae Sung Lee

Autonomous engines operating at the nano-scale can be prone to deleterious fluctuations in the heat and particle currents which increase, for fixed power output, the more reversible the operation regime is. This fundamental trade-off…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-10-23 Giacomo Guarnieri , Gabriel T. Landi , Stephen R. Clark , John Goold

We derive a thermodynamic uncertainty relation (TUR) for first-passage times (FPTs) on continuous time Markov chains. The TUR utilizes the entropy production coming from bidirectional transitions, and the net flux coming from unidirectional…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-08-11 Arnab Pal , Shlomi Reuveni , Saar Rahav

Thermodynamic uncertainty relations (TURs) are general lower bounds on the size of fluctutations of dynamical observables. They have important consequences, one being that the precision of estimation of a current is limited by the amount of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-10-12 George Bakewell-Smith , Federico Girotti , Mădălin Guţă , Juan P. Garrahan

The fluctuation-dissipation-theorem connects equilibrium to mildly (linearly) perturbed situations in a thermodynamic manner: It involves the observable of interest and the entropy production caused by the perturbation. We derive a relation…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-03-24 Tristan Holsten , Matthias Krüger

The thermodynamic uncertainty relation (TUR) quantifies a relationship between current fluctuations and dissipation in out-of-equilibrium overdamped Langevin dynamics, making it a natural counterpart of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-10-04 Rueih-Sheng Fu , Todd R. Gingrich

Thermodynamic uncertainty relations have emerged as universal bounds on current fluctuations in non-equilibrium systems. Here we derive a new bound for a particular class of run-and-tumble type processes using the mathematical framework of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-07-02 Mayank Shreshtha , Rosemary J. Harris

From a recent geometric generalization of Thermodynamic Uncertainty Relations (TURs) we derive novel upper bounds on the nonlinear response of an observable of an arbitrary system undergoing a change of probabilistic state. Various…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-03-09 Gianmaria Falasco , Massimiliano Esposito , Jean-Charles Delvenne

We use a recently proved fluctuation theorem for the currents to develop the response theory of nonequilibrium phenomena. In this framework, expressions for the response coefficients of the currents at arbitrary orders in the thermodynamic…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-05-13 D. Andrieux , P. Gaspard

The fluctuation-dissipation relation (FDR) links thermal fluctuations and dissipation at thermal equilibrium through temperature. Extending it beyond equilibrium conditions in pursuit of broadening thermodynamics is often feasible, albeit…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-02-04 Dima Boriskovsky , Benjamin Lindner , Yael Roichman