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Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional capabilities in a multitude of NLP tasks. However, the efficacy of such models to languages other than English is often limited. Prior works have shown that encoder-only models such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Divyanshu Aggarwal , Ashutosh Sathe , Sunayana Sitaram

Large language models (LLMs) have been proven capable of memorizing their training data, which can be extracted through specifically designed prompts. As the scale of datasets continues to grow, privacy risks arising from memorization have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Zhenhong Zhou , Jiuyang Xiang , Chaomeng Chen , Sen Su

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown to be a great success in a wide range of applications ranging from regular NLP-based use cases to AI agents. LLMs have been trained on a vast corpus of texts from various sources; despite the best…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Abhinav Joshi , Shaswati Saha , Divyaksh Shukla , Sriram Vema , Harsh Jhamtani , Manas Gaur , Ashutosh Modi

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been successful in various domains like robotics, game playing, and simulation. While RL agents have shown impressive capabilities in their specific tasks, they insufficiently adapt to new tasks. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Thomas Schmied , Markus Hofmarcher , Fabian Paischer , Razvan Pascanu , Sepp Hochreiter

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is a common first stage of LLM post-training, teaching the model to follow instructions and shaping its behavior as a helpful assistant. At the same time, SFT may harm the fundamental capabilities of an LLM,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Mark Rofin , Aditya Varre , Nicolas Flammarion

The training of modern large language models (LLMs) takes place in a regime where most training examples are seen only a few times by the model during the course of training. What does a model remember about such examples seen only a few…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-31 A. Emin Orhan

This study investigates the concept of the `right to be forgotten' within the context of large language models (LLMs). We explore machine unlearning as a pivotal solution, with a focus on pre-trained models--a notably under-researched area.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Jin Yao , Eli Chien , Minxin Du , Xinyao Niu , Tianhao Wang , Zezhou Cheng , Xiang Yue

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities, but their training on massive corpora poses significant risks from memorized sensitive information. To mitigate these issues and align with legal standards, unlearning has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ruichen Qiu , Jiajun Tan , Jiayue Pu , Honglin Wang , Xiao-Shan Gao , Fei Sun

Pretraining language models on large text corpora is a common practice in natural language processing. Fine-tuning of these models is then performed to achieve the best results on a variety of tasks. In this paper, we investigate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Philip Kenneweg , Alexander Schulz , Sarah Schröder , Barbara Hammer

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong general language capabilities. However, fine-tuning these models on domain-specific tasks often leads to catastrophic forgetting, where the model overwrites or loses essential knowledge acquired…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Shezheng Song , Hao Xu , Jun Ma , Shasha Li , Long Peng , Qian Wan , Xiaodong Liu , Jie Yu

Fueled by their remarkable ability to tackle diverse tasks across multiple domains, large language models (LLMs) have grown at an unprecedented rate, with some recent models containing trillions of parameters. This growth is accompanied by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Athanasios Glentis , Jiaxiang Li , Qiulin Shang , Andi Han , Ioannis Tsaknakis , Quan Wei , Mingyi Hong

Catastrophic forgetting (CF) poses a significant challenge in machine learning, where a model forgets previously learned information upon learning new tasks. Despite the advanced capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), they continue…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Gangwei Jiang , Caigao Jiang , Zhaoyi Li , Siqiao Xue , Jun Zhou , Linqi Song , Defu Lian , Ying Wei

Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence have led to the development of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). However, adapting these pre-trained models to dynamic data distributions and various tasks efficiently remains a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Yukang Huo , Hao Tang

Despite the increasing prevalence of large language models (LLMs), we still have a limited understanding of how their representational spaces are structured. This limits our ability to interpret how and what they learn or relate them to…

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable generative capabilities but raise ethical and security concerns by memorizing sensitive data, reinforcing biases, and producing harmful content. These risks have spurred interest in LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Changsheng Wang , Yihua Zhang , Dennis Wei , Jinghan Jia , Pin-Yu Chen , Sijia Liu

The relationship between memorization and generalization in large language models (LLMs) remains an open area of research, with growing evidence that the two are deeply intertwined. In this work, we investigate this relationship by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Joshua Barron , Devin White

Instruction tuning is now a widely adopted approach to aligning large multimodal models (LMMs) to follow human intent. It unifies the data format of vision-language tasks, enabling multi-task joint training. However, vision-language tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Jinghan He , Haiyun Guo , Ming Tang , Jinqiao Wang

Nowadays, real-world data, including graph-structure data, often arrives in a streaming manner, which means that learning systems need to continuously acquire new knowledge without forgetting previously learned information. Although…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Ziyang Cheng , Zhixun Li , Yuhan Li , Yixin Song , Kangyi Zhao , Dawei Cheng , Jia Li , Hong Cheng , Jeffrey Xu Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide range of tasks, yet they also exhibit memorization of their training data. This phenomenon raises critical questions about model behavior, privacy risks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Alexander Xiong , Xuandong Zhao , Aneesh Pappu , Dawn Song

In this paper, we investigate knowledge forgetting in large language models with a focus on its generalisation, ensuring that models forget not only specific training samples but also related implicit knowledge. To this end, we begin by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Huazheng Wang , Yongcheng Jing , Haifeng Sun , Yingjie Wang , Jingyu Wang , Jianxin Liao , Dacheng Tao