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As the Internet of Things (IoT) rolls out today to devices whose lifetime may well exceed a decade, conservative threat models should consider attackers with access to quantum computing power. The SUIT standard (specified by the IETF)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Gustavo Banegas , Koen Zandberg , Adrian Herrmann , Emmanuel Baccelli , Benjamin Smith

Safety guarantees and security-latency problem of Nakamoto consensus have been extensively studied in the last decade with a bounded delay model. Recent studies have shown that PoW protocol is secure under random delay models as well. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-13 Mustafa Doger , Sennur Ulukus , Nail Akar

In modern times, the cryptocurrency market is one of the world's most rapidly rising financial markets. The cryptocurrency market is regarded to be more volatile and illiquid than traditional markets such as equities, foreign exchange, and…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-12-03 Anika Tahsin Meem

Quantum Computing (QC) threatens the cryptographic foundations of Cloud Computing (CC), exposing distributed infrastructures to novel attack vectors. This survey provides comprehensive analysis of quantum-safe cloud security, examining…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yaser Baseri , Abdelhakim Hafid , Arash Habibi Lashkari

We present a security analysis against collective attacks for the recently proposed time-energy entanglement-based quantum key distribution protocol, given the practical constraints of single photon detector efficiency, channel loss, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-24 Catherine Lee , Jacob Mower , Zheshen Zhang , Jeffrey H. Shapiro , Dirk Englund

Stubborn mining attack greatly downgrades Bitcoin throughput and also benefits malicious miners (attackers). This paper aims to quantify the impact of block receiving delay on stubborn mining attack severity in imperfect Bitcoin networks.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Haoran Zhu , Xiaolin Chang , Jelena Mišić , Vojislav B. Mišić

A bitcoin \textit{covenant} is a mechanism to enforce conditions on future bitcoin transactions. A bitcoin \textit{vault} is a specific type of covenant transaction that enforces a time-lock on the transfer of control of funds to a hot…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Jacob Swambo , Spencer Hommel , Bob McElrath , Bryan Bishop

The fabrication of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems typically involves several parties, thus providing Eve with multiple opportunities to meddle with the devices. As a consequence, conventional hardware and/or software hacking attacks…

We review the so called selfish mining strategy in the Bitcoin network and compare its profitability to honest mining.We build a rigorous profitability model for repetition games. The time analysis of the attack has been ignored in the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Cyril Grunspan , Ricardo Pérez-Marco

The security of conventional cryptography systems is threatened in the forthcoming era of quantum computers. Quantum key distribution (QKD) features fundamentally proven security and offers a promising option for quantum-proof cryptography…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-29 Nurul T. Islam , Charles Ci Wen Lim , Clinton Cahall , Jungsang Kim , Daniel J. Gauthier

Bitcoin users are directly or indirectly forced to deal with public key cryptography, which has a number of security and usability challenges that differ from the password-based authentication underlying most online banking services. Users…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-02-14 Shayan Eskandari , Jeremy Clark , David Barrera , Elizabeth Stobert

Cryptocurrencies have gained popularity due to their transparency, security, and accessibility compared to traditional financial systems, with Bitcoin, introduced in 2009, leading the market. Bitcoin's security relies on blockchain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Dinitha Wijewardhana , Sugandima Vidanagamachchi , Nalin Arachchilage

Blockchain is a distributed ledger, which is protected against malicious modifications by means of cryptographic tools, e.g. digital signatures and hash functions. One of the most prominent applications of blockchains is cryptocurrencies,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-12-20 E. O. Kiktenko , M. A. Kudinov , A. K. Fedorov

We formulate the design of a threshold signature scheme as made possible on cryptocurrency protocols like Bitcoin. The funds are secured by an m-of-n threshold signature, where at least m signatures are needed to unlock the funds. A user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Korok Ray , Sindura Saraswathi

The quantum threat to cybersecurity has accelerated the standardization of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). Migrating legacy software to these quantum-safe algorithms is not a simple library swap, but a new software engineering challenge:…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Lei Zhang

Bit commitment is a fundamental cryptographic primitive in which Bob wishes to commit a secret bit to Alice. Perfectly secure bit commitment has been proven impossible through asynchronous exchange of classical and quantum information.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-02-25 T. Lunghi , J. Kaniewski , F. Bussieres , R. Houlmann , M. Tomamichel , A. Kent , N. Gisin , S. Wehner , H. Zbinden

Bitcoin is currently subject to a significant pay-for-speed trade-off. This is caused by lengthy and highly variable transaction confirmation times, especially during times of congestion. Users can reduce their transaction confirmation…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-02-28 Rowel Gündlach , Ivo V. Stoepker , Stella Kapodistria , Jacques A. C. Resing

The year 2024 witnessed a major development in the cryptocurrency industry with the long-awaited approval of spot Bitcoin exchange-traded funds (ETFs). This innovation provides investors with a new, regulated path to gain exposure to…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-09-04 Di Wu

Bitcoin is a digital currency designed to rely on a decentralized, trustless network of anonymous agents. Using a pseudonymous-address-linking procedure that achieves >99% sensitivity and >99% specificity, we reveal that between launch…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Alyssa Blackburn , Christoph Huber , Yossi Eliaz , Muhammad S. Shamim , David Weisz , Goutham Seshadri , Kevin Kim , Shengqi Hang , Erez Lieberman Aiden

This paper provides an in-depth review of the evolving role of quantum computing in the financial sector, emphasizing both its computational potential and cybersecurity implications. Distinguishing itself from existing surveys, this work…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-01 Gerhard Hellstern , Esra Yeniaras