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Efficiently characterizing large quantum states and processes is a central yet notoriously challenging task in quantum information science, as conventional tomography methods typically require resources that grow exponentially with system…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Chenyang Li , Shengxin Zhuang , Yukun Zhang , Jingbo B. Wang , Xiao Yuan , Yusen Wu , Chuan Wang

Random quantum circuits are commonly viewed as hard to simulate classically. In some regimes this has been formally conjectured, and there had been no evidence against the more general possibility that for circuits with uniformly random…

Random unitaries are a central object of study in quantum information, with applications to quantum computation, quantum many-body physics, and quantum cryptography. Recent work has constructed unitary designs and pseudorandom unitaries…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-29 Ben Foxman , Natalie Parham , Francisca Vasconcelos , Henry Yuen

We propose a classical-quantum hybrid algorithm for machine learning on near-term quantum processors, which we call quantum circuit learning. A quantum circuit driven by our framework learns a given task by tuning parameters implemented on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-25 Kosuke Mitarai , Makoto Negoro , Masahiro Kitagawa , Keisuke Fujii

The seminal work of Linial, Mansour, and Nisan gave a quasipolynomial-time algorithm for learning constant-depth circuits ($\mathsf{AC}^0$) with respect to the uniform distribution on the hypercube. Extending their algorithm to the setting…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Adam R. Klivans , Konstantinos Stavropoulos , Arsen Vasilyan

We present a novel automated technique for parallelizing quantum circuits via forward and backward translation to measurement-based quantum computing patterns and analyze the trade off in terms of depth and space complexity. As a result we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-22 Anne Broadbent , Elham Kashefi

Quantum circuit depth minimization is critical for practical applications of circuit-based quantum computation. In this work, we present a systematic procedure to decompose multiqubit controlled unitary gates, which is essential in many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-06 Adenilton J. da Silva , Daniel K. Park

$\mathrm{QAC}^0$ is the family of constant-depth polynomial-size quantum circuits consisting of arbitrary single qubit unitaries and multi-qubit Toffoli gates. It was introduced by Moore [arXiv: 9903046] as a quantum counterpart of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Anurag Anshu , Yangjing Dong , Fengning Ou , Penghui Yao

State-of-the-art quantum computers can only reliably execute circuits with limited qubit numbers and computational depth. This severely reduces the scope of algorithms that can be run. While numerous techniques have been invented to exploit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-25 Adrián Pérez-Salinas , Radoica Draškić , Jordi Tura , Vedran Dunjko

We show that the parity of more than three non-target input bits cannot be computed by QAC-circuits of depth-2, not even uncleanly, regardless of the number of ancilla qubits. This result is incomparable with other recent lower bounds on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-10 Stephen Fenner , Daniel Grier , Daniel Padé , Thomas Thierauf

We demonstrate that the unbounded fan-out gate is very powerful. Constant-depth polynomial-size quantum circuits with bounded fan-in and unbounded fan-out over a fixed basis (denoted by QNCf^0) can approximate with polynomially small error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-10 Peter Hoyer , Robert Spalek

The vast and complicated large-qubit state space forbids us to comprehensively capture the dynamics of modern quantum computers via classical simulations or quantum tomography. Recent progress in quantum learning theory prompts a crucial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-22 Yuxuan Du , Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Dacheng Tao

We show that if a language is recognized within certain error bounds by constant-depth quantum circuits over a finite family of gates, then it is computable in (classical) polynomial time. In particular, our results imply EQNC^0 is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Stephen Fenner , Frederic Green , Steven Homer , Yong Zhang

A common requirement of quantum simulations and algorithms is the preparation of complex states through sequences of 2-qubit gates. For a generic quantum state, the number of gates grows exponentially with the number of qubits, becoming…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Matan Ben Dov , David Shnaiderov , Adi Makmal , Emanuele G. Dalla Torre

QAC$^0$ is the class of constant-depth quantum circuits with polynomially many ancillary qubits, where Toffoli gates on arbitrarily many qubits are allowed. In this work, we show that the parity function cannot be computed in QAC$^0$,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-11 Ashley Montanaro , Changpeng Shao , Dominic Verdon

Quantum computing is a rapidly expanding field with applications ranging from optimization all the way to complex machine learning tasks. Quantum memories, while lacking in practical quantum computers, have the potential to bring quantum…

We establish the first general connection between the design of quantum algorithms and circuit lower bounds. Specifically, let $\mathfrak{C}$ be a class of polynomial-size concepts, and suppose that $\mathfrak{C}$ can be PAC-learned with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-03 Srinivasan Arunachalam , Alex B. Grilo , Tom Gur , Igor C. Oliveira , Aarthi Sundaram

Although quantum circuit depth is commonly used to approximate circuit runtimes, it overlooks a prevailing trait of current hardware implementation: different gates have different execution times. Recognizing the potential for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Matthew Tremba , Paul Hovland , Ji Liu

We exhibit some simple gadgets useful in designing shallow parallel circuits for quantum algorithms. We prove that any quantum circuit composed entirely of controlled-not gates or of diagonal gates can be parallelized to logarithmic depth,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-25 Cristopher Moore , Martin Nilsson

We conduct a systematic study of quantum circuits composed of multiple-control $Z$-rotation (MCZR) gates as primitives, since they are widely-used components in quantum algorithms and also have attracted much experimental interest in recent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-11 Shihao Zhang , Junda Wu , Lvzhou Li