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Related papers: Methods of improving LLM training stability

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Teams that have trained large Transformer-based models have reported training instabilities at large scale that did not appear when training with the same hyperparameters at smaller scales. Although the causes of such instabilities are of…

Large language models (LLMs) have shown tremendous success in following user instructions and generating helpful responses. Nevertheless, their robustness is still far from optimal, as they may generate significantly inconsistent responses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Yukun Zhao , Lingyong Yan , Weiwei Sun , Guoliang Xing , Shuaiqiang Wang , Chong Meng , Zhicong Cheng , Zhaochun Ren , Dawei Yin

Despite their outstanding performance, large language models (LLMs) suffer notorious flaws related to their preference for simple, surface-level textual relations over full semantic complexity of the problem. This proposal investigates a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Michal Štefánik

While agents trained by Reinforcement Learning (RL) can solve increasingly challenging tasks directly from visual observations, generalizing learned skills to novel environments remains very challenging. Extensive use of data augmentation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Nicklas Hansen , Hao Su , Xiaolong Wang

Stability of neural network weights is critical when training transformer models. The query and key weights are particularly problematic, as they tend to grow large without any intervention. Applying normalization to queries and keys, known…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Ben Anson , Laurence Aitchison

Large Language Models (LLMs) are highly vulnerable to input perturbations, as even a small prompt change may result in a substantially different output. Existing methods to enhance LLM robustness are primarily focused on perturbed data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Aryan Agrawal , Lisa Alazraki , Shahin Honarvar , Marek Rei

Fine-tuning over large pretrained language models (PLMs) has established many state-of-the-art results. Despite its superior performance, such fine-tuning can be unstable, resulting in significant variance in performance and potential risks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Chenghao Yang , Xuezhe Ma

Training large language models is an expensive, compute-bound process that must be repeated as models scale, algorithms improve, and new data is collected. To address this, next-generation hardware accelerators increasingly support…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Huangyuan Su , Mujin Kwun , Stephanie Gil , Sham Kakade , Nikhil Anand

During long-duration Large Language Model (LLM) training runs the gradient norm increases rapidly near the end of training. In this short note, we show that this increase is due to an unintended interaction between weight decay,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Aaron Defazio

Large Language Models (LLMs) have attracted significant attention due to their human-like language understanding and generation capabilities, as well as their applicability across various domains. These models, characterized by their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Kazuki Fujii , Taishi Nakamura , Rio Yokota

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in real-world applications, yet little is known about their training dynamics at the token level. Evaluation typically relies on aggregated training loss, measured at the batch level, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Andrea Pinto , Tomer Galanti , Randall Balestriero

The reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs) can be substantially improved by training them with reinforcement learning (RL). The RL objective for LLM training involves a regularization term, which is the reverse…

Training stability is typically regarded as a prerequisite for reliable optimization in large language models. In this work, we analyze how stabilizing training dynamics affects the induced generation distribution. We show that under…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Xianzhe Meng , Qiangsheng Zeng , Ling Luo , Qinghan Yang , Jiarui Hao , Wenbo Wu , Qinyu Wang , Rui Yin , Lin Qi , Renzhi Lu

Training instability remains a critical challenge in large language model (LLM) pretraining, often manifesting as sudden gradient explosions that waste significant computational resources. We study training failures in a 5M-parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Lianhai Ren , Yucheng Ding , Xiao Liu , Qianxiao Li , Peng Cheng , Yeyun Gong

Loss spikes often occur during pre-training of large language models. The spikes degrade the performance of large language models and sometimes ruin the pre-training. Since the pre-training needs a vast computational budget, we should avoid…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Sho Takase , Shun Kiyono , Sosuke Kobayashi , Jun Suzuki

Despite their widespread use, training deep Transformers can be unstable. Layer normalization, a standard component, improves training stability, but its placement has often been ad-hoc. In this paper, we conduct a principled study on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Kelvin Kan , Xingjian Li , Benjamin J. Zhang , Tuhin Sahai , Stanley Osher , Krishna Kumar , Markos A. Katsoulakis

We introduce new methods for 1) accelerating and 2) stabilizing training for large language-vision models. 1) For acceleration, we introduce SwitchBack, a linear layer for int8 quantized training which provides a speed-up of 13-25% while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Mitchell Wortsman , Tim Dettmers , Luke Zettlemoyer , Ari Morcos , Ali Farhadi , Ludwig Schmidt

Large Language Model (LLM) based text-to-speech (TTS) systems have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in handling large speech datasets and generating natural speech for new speakers. However, LLM-based TTS models are not robust as the…

In-context learning (ICL) enables large language models (LLMs) to perform new tasks by prompting them with a sequence of training examples. However, it is known that ICL is very sensitive to the choice of training examples: randomly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Ting-Yun Chang , Robin Jia

Large language models (LLMs) are trained for downstream tasks by updating their parameters (e.g., via RL). However, updating parameters forces them to absorb task-specific information, which can result in catastrophic forgetting and loss of…

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