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Over the past decade, an ecosystem of measures has emerged to evaluate the social and ethical implications of AI systems, largely shaped by high-level ethics principles. These measures are developed and used in fragmented ways, without…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Shalaleh Rismani , Renee Shelby , Leah Davis , Negar Rostamzadeh , AJung Moon

An AI design framework was developed based on three core principles, namely understandability, trust, and usability. The framework was conceptualized by synthesizing evidence from the literature and by consulting with experts. The initial…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Mohammad Golam Kibria , Lauren Kucirka , Javed Mostafa

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes settings, the risk of generating harmful or toxic content remains a central challenge. Post-hoc alignment methods are brittle: once unsafe patterns are learned during…

Safety alignment is an essential research topic for real-world AI applications. Despite the multifaceted nature of safety and trustworthiness in AI, current safety alignment methods often focus on a comprehensive notion of safety. By…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Thien Q. Tran , Akifumi Wachi , Rei Sato , Takumi Tanabe , Youhei Akimoto

AI safety is still largely framed as alignment: training models to follow human preferences, safety policies, and normative constraints. That framing has improved the behavior of modern language models, but aligned behavior does not by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yige Li , Yunhao Feng , Jun Sun

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) on additional datasets is often necessary to optimize them for specific downstream tasks. However, existing safety alignment measures, which restrict harmful behavior during inference, are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Minjun Zhu , Linyi Yang , Yifan Wei , Ningyu Zhang , Yue Zhang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to increasingly sophisticated safety protocols and features designed to prevent harmful, unethical, or unauthorized outputs. However, these guardrails remain susceptible to novel and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Annika M Schoene , Cansu Canca

The success of large language models (LLMs) in scientific domains has heightened safety concerns, prompting numerous benchmarks to evaluate their scientific safety. Existing benchmarks often suffer from limited risk coverage and a reliance…

This paper presents a comprehensive empirical study on the safety alignment capabilities. We evaluate what matters for safety alignment in LLMs and LRMs to provide essential insights for developing more secure and reliable AI systems. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Xing Li , Hui-Ling Zhen , Lihao Yin , Xianzhi Yu , Zhenhua Dong , Mingxuan Yuan

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has demonstrated remarkable capabilities, elevating the critical importance of LLM safety. However, existing safety methods rely on ad-hoc taxonomy and lack a rigorous, systematic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Wenbin Hu , Huihao Jing , Haochen Shi , Haoran Li , Yangqiu Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used by teenagers and young adults in everyday life, ranging from emotional support and creative expression to educational assistance. However, their unique vulnerabilities and risk profiles…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Yaman Yu , Yiren Liu , Jacky Zhang , Yun Huang , Yang Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit surprisingly diverse risk preferences when acting as AI decision makers, a crucial characteristic whose origins remain poorly understood despite their expanding economic roles. We analyze 50 LLMs using…

General Economics · Economics 2025-06-11 Shumiao Ouyang , Hayong Yun , Xingjian Zheng

The rapid development and deployment of large language models (LLMs) have introduced a new frontier in artificial intelligence, marked by unprecedented capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. However, the increasing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Dan Shi , Tianhao Shen , Yufei Huang , Zhigen Li , Yongqi Leng , Renren Jin , Chuang Liu , Xinwei Wu , Zishan Guo , Linhao Yu , Ling Shi , Bojian Jiang , Deyi Xiong

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in mental health support systems, where reliable recognition of high-risk states such as suicidal ideation and self-harm is safety-critical. However, existing evaluations primarily rely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Yihe Zhang , Cheyenne N Mohawk , Kaiying Han , Vijay Srinivas Tida , Manyu Li , Xiali Hei

As Large Language Models (LLMs) and generative AI become increasingly widespread, concerns about content safety have grown in parallel. Currently, there is a clear lack of high-quality, human-annotated datasets that address the full…

Most adversarial threats in artificial intelligence (AI) target the computational behavior of models rather than the humans who rely on them. Yet modern AI systems increasingly operate within human decision loops, where users interpret and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Shutong Fan , Lan Zhang , Xiaoyong Yuan

Vulnerability of Frontier language models to misuse and jailbreaks has prompted the development of safety measures like filters and alignment training in an effort to ensure safety through robustness to adversarially crafted prompts. We…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-31 David Glukhov , Ziwen Han , Ilia Shumailov , Vardan Papyan , Nicolas Papernot

This work explores the impact of moderation on users' enjoyment of conversational AI systems. While recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to highly capable conversational AIs that are increasingly deployed in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Xiaoding Lu , Aleksey Korshuk , Zongyi Liu , William Beauchamp , Chai Research

With the increased deployment of large language models (LLMs), one concern is their potential misuse for generating harmful content. Our work studies the alignment challenge, with a focus on filters to prevent the generation of unsafe…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Sarah Ball , Greg Gluch , Shafi Goldwasser , Frauke Kreuter , Omer Reingold , Guy N. Rothblum

Though safety alignment has been applied to most large language models (LLMs), LLM service providers generally deploy a subsequent moderation as the external safety guardrail in real-world products. Existing moderators mainly practice a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Yang Li , Qiang Sheng , Yehan Yang , Xueyao Zhang , Juan Cao