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Inference in linear panel data models is complicated by the presence of fixed effects when (some of) the regressors are not strictly exogenous. Under asymptotics where the number of cross-sectional observations and time periods grow at the…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-02-13 Ayden Higgins , Koen Jochmans

Value-added models have been widely used to assess the contributions of individual teachers and schools to students' academic growth based on longitudinal student achievement outcomes. There is concern, however, that ignoring the presence…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-10-06 Andrew T. Karl , Yan Yang , Sharon L. Lohr

In policy gradient reinforcement learning, access to a differentiable model enables 1st-order gradient estimation that accelerates learning compared to relying solely on derivative-free 0th-order estimators. However, discontinuous dynamics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ku Onoda , Paavo Parmas , Manato Yaguchi , Yutaka Matsuo

Implicit feedback is widely leveraged in recommender systems since it is easy to collect and provides weak supervision signals. Recent works reveal a huge gap between the implicit feedback and user-item relevance due to the fact that…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Can Chen , Chen Ma , Xi Chen , Sirui Song , Hao Liu , Xue Liu

We introduce a utility-driven bounded-confidence model of opinion dynamics in which opinions associated with higher utility exert stronger social influence. In the regime where all agents belong to a single opinion cluster, we derive a…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2026-05-22 Alex Siebenmorgen , Juan G. Restrepo

Indirect experiments provide a valuable framework for estimating treatment effects in situations where conducting randomized control trials (RCTs) is impractical or unethical. Unlike RCTs, indirect experiments estimate treatment effects by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Yash Chandak , Shiv Shankar , Vasilis Syrgkanis , Emma Brunskill

The fixed-event forecasting setup is common in economic policy. It involves a sequence of forecasts of the same (`fixed') predictand, so that the difficulty of the forecasting problem decreases over time. Fixed-event point forecasts are…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-03-21 Fabian Krüger , Hendrik Plett

Feedback optimization has emerged as an effective strategy for steady-state optimization of dynamical systems. By exploiting models of the steady-state input-output sensitivity, methods of this type are often sample efficient, and their use…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-17 Kristian Lindbäck Løvland , Lars Struen Imsland , Bjarne Grimstad

Static stability in economic models means negative incentives for deviation from equilibrium strategies, which we expect to assure a return to equilibrium, i.e., dynamic stability, as long as agents respond to incentives. There have been…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-13 Dai Zusai

Compounding error, where small prediction mistakes accumulate over time, presents a major challenge in learning-based control. A common remedy is to train multi-step predictors directly instead of rolling out single-step models. However, it…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-25 Anne Somalwar , Bruce D. Lee , George J. Pappas , Nikolai Matni

This paper provides a critical examination of the empirical basis of the output convergence debate in the light of recent developments in the analysis of dynamic heterogeneous panels with interactive effects. It shows that popular tools…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-02-05 M Hashem Pesaran , Ron Smith

The accurate prediction of time-changing covariances is an important problem in the modeling of multivariate financial data. However, some of the most popular models suffer from a) overfitting problems and multiple local optima, b) failure…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-06-04 Yue Wu , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato , Zoubin Ghahramani

We generalize the potential outcome framework to time series with an intervention by defining causal effects on stochastic processes. Interventions in dynamic systems alter not only outcome levels but also evolutionary dynamics -- changing…

Randomized experiments (or A/B tests) are widely used to evaluate interventions in dynamic systems such as recommendation platforms, marketplaces, and digital health. In these settings, interventions affect both current and future system…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-08 Ramesh Johari , Tianyi Peng , Wenqian Xing

Machine learning is increasingly being used to generate prediction models for use in a number of real-world settings, from credit risk assessment to clinical decision support. Recent discussions have highlighted potential problems in the…

In panel predictive regressions with persistent covariates, coexistence of the Nickell bias and the Stambaugh bias imposes challenges for estimation and hypothesis testing. This paper introduces an innovative estimator, the Double IVX…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-26 Chengwang Liao , Ziwei Mei , Zhentao Shi

Solution of Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) model of dynamical system may not agree with its observed values. Often this discrepancy can be attributed to unmodeled forcings in the evolution rule of the dynamical system. In this…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Saurabh Dixit , Soumyendu Raha

Following a long tradition of physicists who have noticed that the Ising model provides a general background to build realistic models of social interactions, we study a model of financial price dynamics resulting from the collective…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2008-12-02 Didier Sornette , Wei-Xing Zhou

In this paper, we investigate binary response models for heterogeneous panel data with interactive fixed effects by allowing both the cross-sectional dimension and the temporal dimension to diverge. From a practical point of view, the…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-11-18 Jiti Gao , Fei Liu , Bin Peng , Yayi Yan

When the climate system is forced, e.g. by emission of greenhouse gases, it responds on multiple time scales. As temperatures rise, feedback processes might intensify or weaken. Current methods to analyze feedback strength, however, do not…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2021-11-03 Robbin Bastiaansen , Henk A. Dijkstra , Anna S. von der Heydt