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Open-domain question answering (Open-QA) is a common task for evaluating large language models (LLMs). However, current Open-QA evaluations are criticized for the ambiguity in questions and the lack of semantic understanding in evaluators.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Peiran Yao , Denilson Barbosa

LLMs have achieved performance that surpasses humans in many NLP tasks. However, it remains unclear whether problems that are difficult for humans are also difficult for LLMs. This study investigates how the difficulty of quizzes in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Naoya Sugiura , Kosuke Yamada , Yasuhiro Ogawa , Katsuhiko Toyama , Ryohei Sasano

Benchmarking modern large language models (LLMs) on complex and realistic tasks is critical to advancing their development. In this work, we evaluate the factual accuracy and citation performance of state-of-the-art LLMs on the task of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Maya Patel , Aditi Anand

Text-based Question Answering (QA) is a challenging task which aims at finding short concrete answers for users' questions. This line of research has been widely studied with information retrieval techniques and has received increasing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Zahra Abbasiantaeb , Saeedeh Momtazi

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit sycophancy, distorting responses to align with user beliefs, notably by readily agreeing with user counterarguments. Paradoxically, LLMs are increasingly adopted as successful evaluative agents for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Sungwon Kim , Daniel Khashabi

Large Language Models (LLMs) hold promise in addressing complex medical problems. However, while most prior studies focus on improving accuracy and reasoning abilities, a significant bottleneck in developing effective healthcare agents lies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Weikang Qiu , Tinglin Huang , Ryan Rullo , Yucheng Kuang , Ali Maatouk , S. Raquel Ramos , Rex Ying

The rapid proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly contributed to the development of equitable AI systems capable of factual question-answering (QA). However, no known study tests the LLMs' robustness when presented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Shubhra Ghosh , Abhilekh Borah , Aditya Kumar Guru , Kripabandhu Ghosh

In the absence of abundant reliable annotations for challenging tasks and contexts, how can we expand the frontier of LLM capabilities with potentially wrong answers? We focus on two research questions: (1) Can LLMs generate reliable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Jihan Yao , Wenxuan Ding , Shangbin Feng , Lucy Lu Wang , Yulia Tsvetkov

This paper explores the assumption that Large Language Models (LLMs) skilled in generation tasks are equally adept as evaluators. We assess the performance of three LLMs and one open-source LM in Question-Answering (QA) and evaluation tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Juhyun Oh , Eunsu Kim , Inha Cha , Alice Oh

Knowledge Base Question Answering (KBQA) challenges models to bridge the gap between natural language and strict knowledge graph schemas by generating executable logical forms. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced this field,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Xin Sun , Zhongqi Chen , Xing Zheng , Qiang Liu , Shu Wu , Bowen Song , Zilei Wang , Weiqiang Wang , Liang Wang

Product review websites provide an incredible lens into the wide variety of opinions and experiences of different people, and play a critical role in helping users discover products that match their personal needs and preferences. To help…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2016-10-27 Mengting Wan , Julian McAuley

Given varying prompts regarding a factoid question, can a large language model (LLM) reliably generate factually correct answers? Existing LLMs may generate distinct responses for different prompts. In this paper, we study the problem of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Qingxiu Dong , Jingjing Xu , Lingpeng Kong , Zhifang Sui , Lei Li

We frame Question Answering (QA) as a Reinforcement Learning task, an approach that we call Active Question Answering. We propose an agent that sits between the user and a black box QA system and learns to reformulate questions to elicit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-05 Christian Buck , Jannis Bulian , Massimiliano Ciaramita , Wojciech Gajewski , Andrea Gesmundo , Neil Houlsby , Wei Wang

We propose the inverse problem of Visual question answering (iVQA), and explore its suitability as a benchmark for visuo-linguistic understanding. The iVQA task is to generate a question that corresponds to a given image and answer pair.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-19 Feng Liu , Tao Xiang , Timothy M. Hospedales , Wankou Yang , Changyin Sun

Complex query answering (CQA) on knowledge graphs (KGs) is gaining momentum as a challenging reasoning task. In this paper, we show that the current benchmarks for CQA might not be as complex as we think, as the way they are built distorts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Cosimo Gregucci , Bo Xiong , Daniel Hernandez , Lorenzo Loconte , Pasquale Minervini , Steffen Staab , Antonio Vergari

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on question-answering (QA) tasks because of their superior capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. However, LLM-based QA struggles with complex QA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Chuangtao Ma , Yongrui Chen , Tianxing Wu , Arijit Khan , Haofen Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle with hallucinations and outdated information. To address this, Information Retrieval (IR) systems can be employed to augment LLMs with up-to-date knowledge. However, existing IR techniques contain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Danupat Khamnuansin , Tawunrat Chalothorn , Ekapol Chuangsuwanich

Open-domain complex Question Answering (QA) is a difficult task with challenges in evidence retrieval and reasoning. The complexity of such questions could stem from questions being compositional, hybrid evidence, or ambiguity in questions.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Venktesh V. Deepali Prabhu , Avishek Anand

Question answering (QA) can only make progress if we know if an answer is correct, but for many of the most challenging and interesting QA examples, current evaluation metrics to determine answer equivalence (AE) often do not align with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Zongxia Li , Ishani Mondal , Yijun Liang , Huy Nghiem , Jordan Boyd-Graber

In addition to the traditional task of getting machines to answer questions, a major research question in question answering is to create interesting, challenging questions that can help systems learn how to answer questions and also reveal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-23 Jordan Boyd-Graber , Benjamin Börschinger