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Large language models (LLMs) increasingly operate in multi-agent and safety-critical settings, raising open questions about how their vulnerabilities scale when models interact adversarially. This study examines whether larger models can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Samuel Nathanson , Rebecca Williams , Cynthia Matuszek

Large language models (LLMs) generate human-aligned content under certain safety constraints. However, the current known technique ``jailbreak prompt'' can circumvent safety-aligned measures and induce LLMs to output malicious content.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Xi Wang , Songlei Jian , Shasha Li , Xiaopeng Li , Bin Ji , Jun Ma , Xiaodong Liu , Jing Wang , Feilong Bao , Jianfeng Zhang , Baosheng Wang , Jie Yu

Query routing, the task to route user queries to different large language model (LLM) endpoints, can be considered as a text classification problem. However, out-of-distribution queries must be handled properly, as those could be about…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Richard Šléher , William Brach , Tibor Sloboda , Kristián Košťál , Lukas Galke

The growing integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into critical societal domains has raised concerns about embedded biases that can perpetuate stereotypes and undermine fairness. Such biases may stem from historical inequalities in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Riccardo Cantini , Alessio Orsino , Massimo Ruggiero , Domenico Talia

The generalized log-gamma (GLG) model is a very flexible family of distributions to analyze datasets in many different areas of science and technology. In this paper, we propose estimators which are simultaneously highly robust and highly…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-12-07 Claudio Agostinelli , Isabella Locatelli , Alfio Marazzi , Victor J. Yohai

Full fine-tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs) is notoriously memory-intensive, primarily because conventional optimizers such as SGD or Adam assume access to exact gradients derived from cached activations. Existing solutions either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Jing Yang , Kaitong Cai , Yijia Fan , Yufeng Yang , Keze Wang

Robust alignment guardrails for large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly important with their widespread application. In contrast to previous studies, we demonstrate that inference-time activation interventions can bypass…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Paul Darm , Annalisa Riccardi

Many jailbreak attacks on large language models (LLMs) rely on a common objective: making the model respond with the prefix ``Sure, here is (harmful request)''. While straightforward, this objective has two limitations: limited control over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Sicheng Zhu , Brandon Amos , Yuandong Tian , Chuan Guo , Ivan Evtimov

Distributed optimization is pivotal for large-scale signal processing and machine learning, yet communication overhead remains a major bottleneck. Low-rank gradient compression, in which the transmitted gradients are approximated by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Chuyan Chen , Yutong He , Pengrui Li , Weichen Jia , Kun Yuan

Program slicing is a critical technique in software engineering, enabling developers to isolate relevant portions of code for tasks such as bug detection, code comprehension, and debugging. In this study, we investigate the application of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Kimya Khakzad Shahandashti , Mohammad Mahdi Mohajer , Alvine Boaye Belle , Song Wang , Hadi Hemmati

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in various natural language processing tasks; however, their application to graph-related problems remains limited, primarily due to scalability constraints and the absence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Hyun Lee , Chris Yi , Maminur Islam , B. D. S. Aritra

Large language models (LLMs) enhance security through alignment when widely used, but remain susceptible to jailbreak attacks capable of producing inappropriate content. Jailbreak detection methods show promise in mitigating jailbreak…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Guorui Chen , Yifan Xia , Xiaojun Jia , Zhijiang Li , Philip Torr , Jindong Gu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are susceptible to jailbreak attacks where malicious prompts are disguised using ciphers and character-level encodings to bypass safety guardrails. While these guardrails often fail to interpret the encoded…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Shaked Zychlinski , Yuval Kainan

Large language models (LLMs) are vulnerable to adversarial attacks that add malicious tokens to an input prompt to bypass the safety guardrails of an LLM and cause it to produce harmful content. In this work, we introduce erase-and-check,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Aounon Kumar , Chirag Agarwal , Suraj Srinivas , Aaron Jiaxun Li , Soheil Feizi , Himabindu Lakkaraju

As educational systems evolve, ensuring that assessment items remain aligned with content standards is essential for maintaining fairness and instructional relevance. Traditional human alignment reviews are accurate but slow and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Farzan Karimi-Malekabadi , Pooya Razavi , Sonya Powers

With the rapid increase of big data, distributed Machine Learning (ML) has been widely applied in training large-scale models. Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is arguably the workhorse algorithm of ML. Distributed ML models trained by SGD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Keyu Yang , Lu Chen , Zhihao Zeng , Yunjun Gao

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown great superiority on non-Euclidean graph data, achieving ground-breaking performance on various graph-related tasks. As a practical solution to train GNN on large graphs with billions of nodes and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Zeyu Zhu , Peisong Wang , Qinghao Hu , Gang Li , Xiaoyao Liang , Jian Cheng

With the increasing adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), more customization is needed to ensure privacy-preserving and safe generation. We address this objective from two critical aspects: unlearning of sensitive information and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Fatmazohra Rezkellah , Ramzi Dakhmouche

Augmenting language models with image inputs may enable more effective jailbreak attacks through continuous optimization, unlike text inputs that require discrete optimization. However, new multimodal fusion models tokenize all input…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Javier Rando , Hannah Korevaar , Erik Brinkman , Ivan Evtimov , Florian Tramèr

Recently, Automated Vulnerability Localization (AVL) has attracted growing attention, aiming to facilitate diagnosis by pinpointing the specific lines of code responsible for vulnerabilities. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Jian Zhang , Chong Wang , Anran Li , Weisong Sun , Cen Zhang , Wei Ma , Yang Liu