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While Large Language Models (LLMs) become ever more dominant, classic pre-trained word embeddings sustain their relevance through computational efficiency and nuanced linguistic interpretation. Drawing from recent studies demonstrating that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Haoran Zhao , Jake Ryland Williams

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) extend Large Language Models (LLMs) by handling diverse inputs such as images, audio, and video, but at the cost of adding a multimodal encoding stage that increases both computational and memory overhead.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Gursimran Singh , Xinglu Wang , Yifan Hu , Timothy Yu , Linzi Xing , Wei Jiang , Zhefeng Wang , Xiaolong Bai , Yi Li , Ying Xiong , Yong Zhang , Zhenan Fan

We present Prompt Cache, an approach for accelerating inference for large language models (LLM) by reusing attention states across different LLM prompts. Many input prompts have overlapping text segments, such as system messages, prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-26 In Gim , Guojun Chen , Seung-seob Lee , Nikhil Sarda , Anurag Khandelwal , Lin Zhong

Prefix caching is crucial to accelerate multi-turn interactions and requests with shared prefixes. At the cluster level, existing prefix caching systems are tightly coupled with request scheduling to optimize cache efficiency and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Bingyang Wu , Zili Zhang , Yinmin Zhong , Guanzhe Huang , Yibo Zhu , Xuanzhe Liu , Xin Jin

Recent research has highlighted the potential of large language models (LLMs) to improve their problem-solving capabilities with the aid of suitable external tools. In our work, we further advance this concept by introducing a closed-loop…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Tianle Cai , Xuezhi Wang , Tengyu Ma , Xinyun Chen , Denny Zhou

In-context learning (ICL) has emerged as an effective solution for few-shot learning with large language models (LLMs). However, how LLMs leverage demonstrations to specify a task and learn a corresponding computational function through ICL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yu Bai , Heyan Huang , Cesare Spinoso-Di Piano , Marc-Antoine Rondeau , Sanxing Chen , Yang Gao , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung

During inference for transformer-based large language models (LLM), prefilling is the computation of the key-value (KV) cache for input tokens in the prompt prior to autoregressive generation. For longer input prompt lengths, prefilling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Siyan Zhao , Daniel Israel , Guy Van den Broeck , Aditya Grover

The evolution of Large Language Model (LLM) agents towards System~2 reasoning, characterized by deliberative, high-precision problem-solving, requires maintaining rigorous logical integrity over extended horizons. However, prevalent memory…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Kaixiang Wang , Yidan Lin , Jiong Lou , Zhaojiacheng Zhou , Bunyod Suvonov , Jie Li

Recently the generative Large Language Model (LLM) has achieved remarkable success in numerous applications. Notably its inference generates output tokens one-by-one, leading to many redundant computations. The widely-used KV-Cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Weizhuo Li , Zhigang Wang , Yu Gu , Ge Yu

Despite large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success, their prefix-only prompting paradigm and sequential generation process offer limited flexibility for bidirectional information. Diffusion large language models (dLLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Xiangqi Jin , Yuxuan Wang , Yifeng Gao , Zichen Wen , Biqing Qi , Dongrui Liu , Linfeng Zhang

Topic modeling is a powerful technique for uncovering hidden themes within a collection of documents. However, the effectiveness of traditional topic models often relies on sufficient word co-occurrence, which is lacking in short texts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Pritom Saha Akash , Kevin Chen-Chuan Chang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in complex multi-agent applications that rely on external function calls. This workload creates severe performance challenges for the KV Cache: spatial contention leads to the eviction…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Zhuohang Bian , Feiyang Wu , Zhuoran Li , Teng Ma , Youwei Zhuo

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved huge success in numerous natural language process (NLP) tasks. However, it faces the challenge of significant resource consumption during inference. In this paper, we aim to improve the inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Hanlin Zhu , Banghua Zhu , Jiantao Jiao

Large language model (LLM) applications often reuse previously processed context, such as chat history and documents, which introduces significant redundant computation. Existing LLM serving systems address such redundant computation by…

The attention mechanism is a critical component of Large Language Models (LLMs) that allows tokens in a sequence to interact with each other, but is order-invariant. Incorporating position encoding (PE) makes it possible to address by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Olga Golovneva , Tianlu Wang , Jason Weston , Sainbayar Sukhbaatar

Key-Value cache (\texttt{KV} \texttt{cache}) compression has emerged as a promising technique to optimize Large Language Model (LLM) serving. It primarily decreases the memory consumption of \texttt{KV} \texttt{cache} to reduce the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Wei Gao , Xinyu Zhou , Peng Sun , Tianwei Zhang , Yonggang Wen

Large language models (LLMs) excel at processing long sequences, boosting demand for key-value (KV) caching. While recent efforts to evict KV cache have alleviated the inference burden, they often fail to allocate resources rationally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Ziran Qin , Yuchen Cao , Mingbao Lin , Wen Hu , Shixuan Fan , Ke Cheng , Weiyao Lin , Jianguo Li

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly popular, caching responses so that they can be reused by users with semantically similar queries has become a vital strategy for reducing inference costs and latency. Existing caching…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Baran Atalar , Xutong Liu , Jinhang Zuo , Siwei Wang , Wei Chen , Carlee Joe-Wong

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become a cornerstone in Natural Language Processing (NLP), achieving impressive performance in text generation. Their token-level representations capture rich, human-aligned semantics. However, pooling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Benedikt Roth , Stephan Rappensperger , Tianming Qiu , Hamza Imamović , Julian Wörmann , Hao Shen

Recent large language model applications, such as Retrieval-Augmented Generation and chatbots, have led to an increased need to process longer input contexts. However, this requirement is hampered by inherent limitations. Architecturally,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Giulio Corallo , Paolo Papotti
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