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Recent developments in Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) allow large language models (LLMs) to function as implicit ranking models by maximizing the margin between preferred and non-preferred responses. In practice, user feedback on such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Junda Wu , Rohan Surana , Zhouhang Xie , Yiran Shen , Yu Xia , Tong Yu , Ryan A. Rossi , Prithviraj Ammanabrolu , Julian McAuley

We study the problem of aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preference data. Contrastive preference optimization has shown promising results in aligning LLMs with available preference data by optimizing the implicit reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Teng Xiao , Yige Yuan , Huaisheng Zhu , Mingxiao Li , Vasant G Honavar

Reward inference (learning a reward model from human preferences) is a critical intermediate step in the Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) pipeline for fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs). In practice, RLHF faces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Qining Zhang , Lei Ying

Pre-trained Language Models (LMs) exhibit strong zero-shot and in-context learning capabilities; however, their behaviors are often difficult to control. By utilizing Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), it is possible to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Avelina Asada Hadji-Kyriacou , Ognjen Arandjelovic

The last year has witnessed the rapid progress of large language models (LLMs) across diverse domains. Among them, CodeLLMs have garnered particular attention because they can not only assist in completing various programming tasks but also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Yibo Miao , Bofei Gao , Shanghaoran Quan , Junyang Lin , Daoguang Zan , Jiaheng Liu , Jian Yang , Tianyu Liu , Zhijie Deng

Direct preference optimization (\texttt{DPO}) has emerged as a promising approach for solving the alignment problem in AI. In this paper, we make two counter-intuitive observations about \texttt{DPO}. First, we show that \texttt{DPO} loss…

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is a powerful paradigm for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) to human preferences in Machine Translation (MT), but current methods are hindered by two fundamental challenges: (1) flawed reward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Hao Wang , Linlong Xu , Heng Liu , Yangyang Liu , Xiaohu Zhao , Bo Zeng , Liangying Shao , Longyue Wang , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang

The alignment of large language models with human values presents a critical challenge, particularly when balancing conflicting objectives like helpfulness and harmlessness. Existing approaches, such as Reinforcement Learning from Human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yuxuan Liu

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has been successfully used to align large language models (LLMs) according to human preferences, and more recently it has also been applied to improving the quality of text-to-image diffusion models.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Shivanshu Shekhar , Shreyas Singh , Tong Zhang

This paper studies post-training large language models (LLMs) using preference feedback from a powerful oracle to help a model iteratively improve over itself. The typical approach for post-training LLMs involves Reinforcement Learning from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Corby Rosset , Ching-An Cheng , Arindam Mitra , Michael Santacroce , Ahmed Awadallah , Tengyang Xie

Aligning large language models with human preferences has emerged as a critical focus in language modeling research. Yet, integrating preference learning into Text-to-Image (T2I) generative models is still relatively uncharted territory.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yi Gu , Zhendong Wang , Yueqin Yin , Yujia Xie , Mingyuan Zhou

The generated responses of large language models (LLMs) are often fine-tuned to human preferences through a process called reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). As RLHF relies on a challenging training sequence, whereby a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Xiangkun Hu , Lemin Kong , Tong He , David Wipf

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has emerged as a simple and effective method for aligning large language models. However, its reliance on a fixed temperature parameter leads to suboptimal training on diverse preference data, causing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Hyung Gyu Rho

Offline algorithms for Reinforcement Learning from Human Preferences (RLHF), which use only a fixed dataset of sampled responses given an input, and preference feedback among these responses, have gained increasing prominence in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Alekh Agarwal , Christoph Dann , Teodor V. Marinov

This study addresses the challenge of noise in training datasets for Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), a method for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences. We categorize noise into pointwise noise, which includes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Junkang Wu , Yuexiang Xie , Zhengyi Yang , Jiancan Wu , Jiawei Chen , Jinyang Gao , Bolin Ding , Xiang Wang , Xiangnan He

Large language models (LLMs), despite their extensive pretraining on diverse datasets, require effective alignment to human preferences for practical and reliable deployment. Conventional alignment methods typically employ off-policy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Hyeonji Lee , Daejin Jo , Seohwan Yun , Sungwoong Kim

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has emerged as a promising approach for aligning large language models with human preferences. While prior work mainly extends DPO from the aspect of the objective function, we instead improve DPO from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Xun Deng , Han Zhong , Rui Ai , Fuli Feng , Zheng Wang , Xiangnan He

In large language model (LLM)-based recommendation systems, direct preference optimization (DPO) effectively aligns recommendations with user preferences, requiring multi-negative objective functions to leverage abundant implicit-feedback…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Xingyu Hu , Kai Zhang , Jiancan Wu , Shuli Wang , Chi Wang , Wenshuai Chen , Yinhua Zhu , Haitao Wang , Xingxing Wang , Xiang Wang

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) using an implicit reward model has proven to be an effective alternative to reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) for fine-tuning preference aligned large language models (LLMs). However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Guoxin Chen , Minpeng Liao , Chengxi Li , Kai Fan

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), the efficient alternative to PPO-based RLHF, falls short on knowledge-intensive generation: standard preference signals from human annotators or LLM judges exhibit a systematic verbosity bias that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Qiming Bao , Juho Leinonen , Paul Denny , Michael J. Witbrock