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Low-carbon societies will need to store vast amounts of electricity to balance intermittent generation from wind and solar energy, for example, through frequency regulation. Here, we derive an analytical solution to the decision-making…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-27 Dirk Lauinger , François Vuille , Daniel Kuhn

With the gradual transformation of power generation towards renewables, distributed energy resources are becoming more and more relevant for grid stabilization. In order to involve all participants in the joint solution of this challenging…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-18 Lukas Kölsch , Katharina Wieninger , Stefan Krebs , Sören Hohmann

Grid-forming inverter-based autonomous microgrids present new operational challenges as the stabilizing rotational inertia of synchronous machines is absent. The design of efficient control policies for grid-forming inverters is, however, a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-18 Yemi Ojo , Jeremy D. Watson , Khaled Laib , Ioannis Lestas

Ensuring the frequency stability of electric grids with increasing renewable resources is a key problem in power system operations. In recent years, a number of advanced controllers have been designed to optimize frequency control. These…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-23 Wenqi Cui , Guanya Shi , Yuanyuan Shi , Baosen Zhang

The reduced inertia in power system introduces more operation risks and challenges to frequency regulation. The existing virtual inertia and frequency support control are restricted by the normally non-dispatchable energy resources behind…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-30 Chu Sun , Syed Qaseem Ali , Geza Joos

The paper presents a theoretical study on small-signal stability and damping in bulk power systems with multiple grid-forming inverter-based storage resources. A detailed analysis is presented, characterizing the impacts of inverter droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-06 Kaustav Chatterjee , Ramij Raja Hossain , Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Subhrajit Sinha , Diane Baldwin , Ronald Melton

Frequency stability of power systems becomes more vulnerable with the increase of solar photovoltaic (PV). Energy storage provides an option to mitigate the impact of high PV penetration. Using the U.S. Eastern Interconnection (EI) and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-16 Shutang You

The shift from traditional synchronous generator (SG) based power generation to generation driven by power electronic devices introduces new dynamic phenomena and considerations for the control of large-scale power systems. In this paper,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-02 Matt Baughman , Marena Trujillo , Bri-Mathias Hodge , Emily Jensen

Inverter-dominated microgrids are quickly becoming a key building block of future power systems. They rely on centralized controllers that can provide reliability and resiliency in extreme events. Nonetheless, communication failures due to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-11 Siddharth Bhela , Abhishek Banerjee , Ulrich Muenz , Joachim Bamberger

In this paper, we address the problem of stability and frequency regulation of a recently proposed inverter. In this type of inverter, the DC-side capacitor emulates the inertia of a synchronous generator. First, we remodel the dynamics…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-10-17 Pooya Monshizadeh , Claudio De Persis , Tjerk Stegink , Nima Monshizadeh , Arjan van der Schaft

This paper proposes a distributed strategy regulated on a subset of individual buses in a power network described by the swing equations to achieve transient frequency control while preserving asymptotic stability. Transient frequency…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-09-18 Yifu Zhang , Jorge Cortes

The rapid growth of renewable energy sources has significantly reduced system inertia and increased the need for fast frequency response (FFR) in modern power systems. Data centers, as large and flexible electrical consumers, hold great…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-17 Xiaojie Tao , Rajit Gadh

The large-scale integration of inverter-interfaced renewable energy sources presents significant challenges to maintaining power balance and nominal frequency in modern power systems. This paper studies grid-level coordinated control of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Xiaoyang Wang , Xin Chen

In the context of dynamic virtual power plants (DVPPs), the integration of frequency containment reserve (FCR) and fast frequency control (FFC) enabled via local compensation of power imbalance represents a significant advancement in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-10 Saif Ahmad , Seifeddine Ben Elghali , Hafiz Ahmed

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-10 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

Electric power systems are undergoing fundamental change. The shift to inverter-based generation challenges frequency stability, while growing digitalisation heightens vulnerability to errors and attacks. Here we identify an emerging risk…

AI data center loads create query-driven power transients on millisecond timescales. Such loads can violate the timescale separation assumptions underlying internal inverter control of grid-following resources collocated with data centers…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-21 Miroslav Kosanic , Marija Ilic

The increasing penetration of converter-based renewable generation has resulted in faster frequency dynamics, and low and variable inertia. As a result, there is a need for frequency control methods that are able to stabilize a disturbance…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-13 Jie Feng , Manasa Muralidharan , Rodrigo Henriquez-Auba , Patricia Hidalgo-Gonzalez , Yuanyuan Shi

In this paper, frequency dynamics in modern power systems with a high penetration of converter-based generation is analysed. A fundamental analysis of the frequency dynamics is performed to identify the limitations and challenges when the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-26 Carlos Collados-Rodriguez , Daniel Westerman Spier , Marc Cheah-Mane , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

Because energy storage systems have better ramping characteristics than traditional generators, their participation in frequency regulation should facilitate the balancing of load and generation. However, they cannot sustain their output…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-02-20 Bolun Xu , Yury Dvorkin , Daniel S. Kirschen , C. A. Silva-Monroy , Jean-Paul Watson