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This study proposes a control strategy to ensure the safe operation of modern power systems with high penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) within an optimal operation framework. The objective is to obtain operating points that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Francesca Rossi , Juan Carlos Olives-Camps , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

Distributed consensus-based controllers for optimal secondary frequency regulation of microgrids and power systems have received substantial attention in recent years. This paper provides a Lyapunov-based proof that, under a time-scale…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-03-11 John W. Simpson-Porco

As renewable sources increasingly replace existing conventional generation, the dynamics of the grid drastically changes, posing new challenges for transmission system operations, but also arising new opportunities as converter-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-11 Alessandro Crivellaro , Ali Tayyebi , Catalin Gavriluta , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

For consensus on measurement-based distributed filtering (CMDF), through infinite consensus fusion operations during each sampling interval, each node in the sensor network can achieve optimal filtering performance with centralized…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-24 Jiachen Qian , Peihu Duan , Zhisheng Duan , Guanrong Chen , Ling Shi

A multi-input multi-output based grid-forming (MIMO-GFM) converter has been proposed using multivariable feedback control, which has been proven as a superior and robust system using low-order controllers. However, the original MIMO-GFM…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-05 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Frede Blaabjerg

In this paper, frequency dynamics in modern power systems with a high penetration of converter-based generation is analysed. A fundamental analysis of the frequency dynamics is performed to identify the limitations and challenges when the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-26 Carlos Collados-Rodriguez , Daniel Westerman Spier , Marc Cheah-Mane , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

Inverter-based resources (IBRs) are a key component in the ongoing modernization of power systems, with grid-forming (GFM) inverters playing a central role. Effective fault current limiting is a major challenge to modernizing power systems…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-19 Zaid Ibn Mahmood , Hantao Cui , Ying Zhang

Higher penetration of renewable generation will increase the demand for adequate (and cost-effective) controllable resources on the grid that can mitigate and contain the contingencies locally before it can cause a network-wide collapse.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-06-08 Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Draguna Vrabie , Karan Kalsi , Jianming Lian

In this paper we propose a co-design of the secondary frequency regulation in systems of AC microgrids and its cyber securty solutions. We term the secondary frequency regulator a Micro-Automatic Generation Control (Micro-AGC) for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-27 Tong Huang , Dan Wu , Marija Ilic

This paper investigates how grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) control strategies in inverter-based resources (IBRs) influence line distance and differential protection in converter-dominated transmission systems. A modified IEEE…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-27 Andrés E. Quintero , Vinícius A. Lacerda , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt , Moisés J. B. B. Davi , Mario Oleskovicz

Most previously proposed controllers are analyzed in the small-signal/quasi-steady regime rather than large-signal or transient stability for grid-forming inverters (GFMI). Additionally, methods that presume system-wide data--global…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-12 Qianxi Tang , Li Peng

Frequency control rebalances supply and demand while maintaining the network state within operational margins. It is implemented using fast ramping reserves that are expensive and wasteful, and which are expected to grow with the increasing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-11-19 Enrique Mallada , Changhong Zhao , Steven H. Low

Recent research has shown that operating grid-connected converters using the grid-forming vector current control (GFVCC) scheme offers significant benefits, including the simplicity and modularity of the control architecture, as well as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-06 Ognjen Stanojev , Orcun Karaca , Mario Schweizer

In order to prevent the potential frequency instability due to the high Power Electronics (PE) penetration under an unintentional islanding event, this paper presents a novel microgrid scheduling model which explicitly models the system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-01 Zhongda Chu , Ning Zhang , Fei Teng

Microgrids (MGs) have been equipped with large-scale distributed energy sources (DESs), and become more vulnerable due to the low inertia characteristic. In particular, high-density misbehaving DESs caused by cascading faults bring a great…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-19 Yutong Li , Lili Wang

This paper proposes a novel control for Inverter-based Resources (IBRs) based on the Complex Frequency (CF) concept. The controller's objective is to maintain a constant CF of the voltage at the terminals of the IBR by adjusting its current…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-06 R. Bernal , F. Milano

This paper proposes a consensus controller for multi-agent systems that can guarantee the agents' safety. The controller, built with the idea of output prediction and the Newton-Raphson method, achieves consensus for a class of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-03 Kaicheng Niu , Chaouki Abdallah , Mohammad Hayajneh

The increasing participation of renewable energy sources in power systems has entailed a series of challenges resulting from the replacement of conventional synchronous machines with carbon-free Inverter-Based-Resources (IBRs). In this…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-09 Valeria Aravena , Samuel Cordova , Maximiliano Kairath , Matias Negrete-Pincetic

In a power grid, the electricity supply and demand must be balanced at all times to maintain the system's frequency. In practice, the grid operator achieves this balance by procuring frequency reserves in an ahead-of-time market setting.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-11-05 Felix Rey , Xiaojing Zhang , Sandro Merkli , Valentina Agliati , Maryam Kamgarpour , John Lygeros

A distributed controller for secondary control problems in microgrids with grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based resources (IBRs) is developed. The controller is based on distributed optimization and is synthesized and implemented…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-01 Vivek Khatana , Soham Chakraborty , Murti V. Salapaka