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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong reasoning capabilities in text-based mathematical problem solving; however, when adapted to visual reasoning tasks, particularly geometric problem solving, their performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Nannan Shi , Chuanyu Qin , Shipeng Song , Man Luo

The ability to understand and reason about spatial relationships between objects in images is an important component of visual reasoning. This skill rests on the ability to recognize and localize objects of interest and determine their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Navid Rajabi , Jana Kosecka

Understanding perspective is fundamental to human visual perception, yet the extent to which multimodal large language models (MLLMs) internalize perspective geometry remains unclear. We introduce MMPerspective, the first benchmark…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Yolo Y. Tang , Pinxin Liu , Zhangyun Tan , Mingqian Feng , Rui Mao , Chao Huang , Jing Bi , Yunzhong Xiao , Susan Liang , Hang Hua , Ali Vosoughi , Luchuan Song , Zeliang Zhang , Chenliang Xu

Humans can imagine and manipulate visual images mentally, a capability known as spatial visualization. While many multi-modal benchmarks assess reasoning on visible visual information, the ability to infer unseen relationships through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Siting Wang , Minnan Pei , Luoyang Sun , Cheng Deng , Yuchen Li , Kun Shao , Zheng Tian , Haifeng Zhang , Jun Wang

Humans possess the visual-spatial intelligence to remember spaces from sequential visual observations. However, can Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) trained on million-scale video datasets also ``think in space'' from videos? We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Jihan Yang , Shusheng Yang , Anjali W. Gupta , Rilyn Han , Li Fei-Fei , Saining Xie

Spatial reasoning is a core aspect of human intelligence that allows perception, inference and planning in 3D environments. However, current vision-language models (VLMs) struggle to maintain geometric coherence and cross-view consistency…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Qiyao Xue , Weichen Liu , Shiqi Wang , Haoming Wang , Yuyang Wu , Wei Gao

Mathematical reasoning serves as a cornerstone for assessing the fundamental cognitive capabilities of human intelligence. In recent times, there has been a notable surge in the development of Large Language Models (LLMs) geared towards the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Janice Ahn , Rishu Verma , Renze Lou , Di Liu , Rui Zhang , Wenpeng Yin

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly used to interpret visualizations, yet little is known about why they fail. We present the first systematic analysis of barriers to visualization literacy in MLLMs. Using the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Mengli , Duan , Yuhe , Jiang , Matthew Varona , Carolina Nobre

Recent advancements in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have aimed to integrate and interpret data across diverse modalities. However, the capacity of these models to concurrently process and reason about multiple modalities remains…

As multimodal language models play an increasingly important role in scientific research, materials science offers a critical testbed due to its interdisciplinary, multimodal, and application-driven nature. However, existing materials…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Wanhao Liu , Jiaqing Xie , Qian Tan , Weida Wang , Jue Wang , Ran Sun , Zhuo Yang , Wanli Ouyang , Lei Bai , Tianfan Fu , Lu Chen , Xin Chen , Yuqiang Li

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have increasingly supported omni-modal processing across text, vision, and speech. However, existing evaluation frameworks for such models suffer from critical limitations, including modality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Seunghee Kim , Ingyu Bang , Seokgyu Jang , Changhyeon Kim , Sanghwan Bae , Jihun Choi , Richeng Xuan , Taeuk Kim

Recent progress in the reasoning capabilities of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has empowered them to address more complex tasks such as scientific analysis and mathematical reasoning. Despite their promise, MLLMs' reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jiachun Li , Shaoping Huang , Zhuoran Jin , Chenlong Zhang , Pengfei Cao , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Mathematical reasoning is essential for problem-solving in education, science, and industry, serving as a crucial benchmark for evaluating artificial intelligence systems. As Large Language Models (LLMs) improve their reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Husnain Amjad , Raja Khurram Shahzad , Aamir Shahzad , Mehwish Fatima

Visual mathematical reasoning, as a fundamental visual reasoning ability, has received widespread attention from the Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) community. Existing benchmarks, such as MathVista and MathVerse, focus more on the…

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (LVLMs) have shown promise across many tasks, yet their scientific reasoning capabilities remain untested, particularly in multimodal settings. We present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Xinwu Ye , Chengfan Li , Siming Chen , Wei Wei , Xiangru Tang

This paper investigates the mathematical reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) using 50 newly constructed high-school-level word problems. Unlike prior studies that focus solely on answer correctness, we rigorously analyze…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Johan Boye , Birger Moell

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) perform strongly on natural images, yet their ability to understand discrete visual symbols remains unclear. We present a multi-domain benchmark spanning language, culture, mathematics, physics and…

Existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are predominantly trained and tested on consistent visual-textual inputs, leaving open the question of whether they can handle inconsistencies in real-world, layout-rich content. To bridge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Qianqi Yan , Yue Fan , Hongquan Li , Shan Jiang , Yang Zhao , Xinze Guan , Ching-Chen Kuo , Xin Eric Wang

We introduce VisualQuest, a novel dataset designed to rigorously evaluate multimodal large language models (MLLMs) on abstract visual reasoning tasks that require the integration of symbolic, cultural, and linguistic knowledge. Unlike…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Kelaiti Xiao , Liang Yang , Dongyu Zhang , Paerhati Tulajiang , Hongfei Lin

Multi-Modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in various VQA tasks. However, they often lack interpretability and struggle with complex visual inputs, especially when the resolution of the input image is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Hao Shao , Shengju Qian , Han Xiao , Guanglu Song , Zhuofan Zong , Letian Wang , Yu Liu , Hongsheng Li