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KV cache in autoregressive LLMs eliminates redundant recomputation but has emerged as the dominant memory and bandwidth bottleneck during inference, notably with long contexts and test-time scaling. KV quantization is a key lever for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ji Zhang , Yiwei Li , Shaoxiong Feng , Peiwen Yuan , Xinglin Wang , Jiayi Shi , Yueqi Zhang , Chuyi Tan , Boyuan Pan , Yao Hu , Kan Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely adopted to process long-context tasks. However, the large memory overhead of the key-value (KV) cache poses significant challenges in long-context scenarios. Existing training-free KV cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Luning Wang , Shiyao Li , Xuefei Ning , Zhihang Yuan , Shengen Yan , Guohao Dai , Yu Wang

Key-value (KV) caching plays an essential role in accelerating decoding for transformer-based autoregressive large language models (LLMs). However, the amount of memory required to store the KV cache can become prohibitive at long sequence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 William Brandon , Mayank Mishra , Aniruddha Nrusimha , Rameswar Panda , Jonathan Ragan Kelly

Multi-agent large language model (LLM) systems are increasingly adopted for complex language processing tasks that require communication and coordination among agents. However, these systems often suffer substantial overhead from repeated…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Hancheng Ye , Zhengqi Gao , Mingyuan Ma , Qinsi Wang , Yuzhe Fu , Ming-Yu Chung , Yueqian Lin , Zhijian Liu , Jianyi Zhang , Danyang Zhuo , Yiran Chen

Recent advancements in Audio-Video Large Language Models (AV-LLMs) have enhanced their capabilities in tasks like audio-visual question answering and multimodal dialog systems. Video and audio introduce an extended temporal dimension,…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Zhonghua Jiang , Kui Chen , Kunxi Li , Keting Yin , Yiyun Zhou , Zhaode Wang , Chengfei Lv , Shengyu Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown exceptional performance and vast potential across diverse tasks. However, the deployment of LLMs with high performance in low-resource environments has garnered significant attention in the industry.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Pujiang He , Shan Zhou , Wenhuan Huang , Changqing Li , Duyi Wang , Bin Guo , Chen Meng , Sheng Gui , Weifei Yu , Yi Xie

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse natural language processing tasks. However, their extensive memory requirements, particularly due to KV cache growth during long-text understanding and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Haoqi Yang , Yao Yao , Zuchao Li , Baoyuan Qi , Guoming Liu , Hai Zhao

The large size of the KV cache has become a major bottleneck for serving LLMs with increasing context lengths. In response, many KV cache compression methods, such as token dropping and quantization, have been proposed. However, almost all…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jiayi Yao , Samuel Shen , Kuntai Du , Shaoting Feng , Dongjoo Seo , Rui Zhang , Yuyang Huang , Yuhan Liu , Shan Lu , Junchen Jiang

Multi-agent Large Language Model (LLM) systems face a critical bottleneck: redundant transmission of contextual information between agents consumes excessive bandwidth and computational resources. Traditional approaches discard internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Boris Kriuk , Logic Ng

Large language models (LLMs) can now handle longer sequences of tokens, enabling complex tasks like book understanding and generating lengthy novels. However, the key-value (KV) cache required for LLMs consumes substantial memory as context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Haojie Duanmu , Zhihang Yuan , Xiuhong Li , Jiangfei Duan , Xingcheng Zhang , Dahua Lin

Supporting long-context LLMs is challenging due to the substantial memory demands of the key-value (KV) cache. Existing offloading systems store the full cache in host memory and selectively fetch critical entries during decoding, but this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jian Lin , Jiazhi Mi , Zicong Hong , Haodong Wang , Qianli Liu , Haodyue Zhang , Peng Li , Song Guo

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) serving systems commonly employ KV-cache compression to reduce memory footprint. However, existing compression methods introduce significant processing overhead and queuing delays, particularly in…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Jianian Zhu , Hang Wu , Haojie Wang , Yinghui Li , Biao Hou , Ruixuan Li , Jidong Zhai

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) is often hindered by the extensive memory requirements of the Key-Value (KV) cache, especially as context lengths increase. Existing approaches to reduce the KV cache size involve either…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Alessio Devoto , Yu Zhao , Simone Scardapane , Pasquale Minervini

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities but face substantial serving costs due to their high memory demands, with the key-value (KV) cache being a primary bottleneck. State-of-the-art KV cache compression…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yanqi Zhang , Yuwei Hu , Runyuan Zhao , John C. S. Lui , Haibo Chen

Recent large language models (LLMs) with enormous model sizes use many GPUs to meet memory capacity requirements incurring substantial costs for token generation. To provide cost-effective LLM inference with relaxed latency constraints,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Sanghyeon Lee , Hongbeen Kim , Soojin Hwang , Guseul Heo , Minwoo Noh , Jaehyuk Huh

Building efficient inference framework has gained increasing interests for research community. Early-exit models, a variant of LLMs, improves the inference efficiency of LLMs by skipping rest layers and directly generate output tokens when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Ruijie Miao , Yihan Yan , Xinshuo Yao , Tong Yang

As the use of large language models (LLMs) expands rapidly, so does the range of knowledge needed to supplement various LLM queries. Thus, enabling flexible and efficient injection of new knowledge in LLM inference is critical. Three…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yihua Cheng , Kuntai Du , Jiayi Yao , Junchen Jiang

Large language models face significant computational and memory challenges when processing long contexts. During inference, efficient management of the key-value (KV) cache, which stores intermediate activations for autoregressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yuxuan Zhu , Ali Falahati , David H. Yang , Mohammad Mohammadi Amiri

Across large language model (LLM) applications, we observe an emerging trend for reusing KV caches to save the prefill delays of processing repeated input texts in different LLM inputs. This has led to a broad design space, including…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Hanchen Li , Yuhan Liu , Yihua Cheng , Kuntai Du , Junchen Jiang

Recent large vision-language models (LVLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in processing extended multi-modal sequences, yet the resulting key-value (KV) cache expansion creates a critical memory bottleneck that fundamentally limits…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Xuyang Liu , Xiyan Gui , Yuchao Zhang , Linfeng Zhang
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