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Large language models (LLMs) can recall a wide range of factual knowledge across languages. However, existing factual recall evaluations primarily assess fact retrieval in isolation, where the queried entity is explicitly named and the fact…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yihong Liu , Bingyu Xiong , Hinrich Schütze

Multilingual large language models (LLMs) often exhibit factual inconsistencies across languages, with significantly better performance in factual recall tasks in English than in other languages. The causes of these failures, however,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Meng Lu , Ruochen Zhang , Carsten Eickhoff , Ellie Pavlick

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in understanding and generating responses to complex queries through large-scale pre-training. However, the efficacy of these models in memorizing and reasoning among…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Qiyuan He , Yizhong Wang , Wenya Wang

Despite the recent observation that large language models (LLMs) can store substantial factual knowledge, there is a limited understanding of the mechanisms of how they acquire factual knowledge through pretraining. This work addresses this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Hoyeon Chang , Jinho Park , Seonghyeon Ye , Sohee Yang , Youngkyung Seo , Du-Seong Chang , Minjoon Seo

Large language models (LLMs) are known to memorize and recall English text from their pretraining data. However, the extent to which this ability generalizes to non-English languages or transfers across languages remains unclear. This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Alisha Srivastava , Emir Korukluoglu , Minh Nhat Le , Duyen Tran , Chau Minh Pham , Marzena Karpinska , Mohit Iyyer

Neural language models are black-boxes--both linguistic patterns and factual knowledge are distributed across billions of opaque parameters. This entangled encoding makes it difficult to reliably inspect, verify, or update specific facts.…

The remarkable success of large language models (LLMs) stems from their ability to consolidate vast amounts of knowledge into the memory during pre-training and to retrieve it from the memory during inference, enabling advanced capabilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Shaohua Zhang , Yuan Lin , Hang Li

Large language models (LLMs) excel on a variety of reasoning benchmarks, but previous studies suggest they sometimes struggle to generalize to unseen questions, potentially due to over-reliance on memorized training examples. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Yihuai Hong , Dian Zhou , Meng Cao , Lei Yu , Zhijing Jin

Large language models (LLMs) have learned vast amounts of factual knowledge through self-supervised pre-training on large-scale corpora. Meanwhile, LLMs have also demonstrated excellent multilingual capabilities, which can express the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Pengfei Cao , Yuheng Chen , Zhuoran Jin , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

In this paper, we investigate whether Large Language Models (LLMs) actively recall or retrieve their internal repositories of factual knowledge when faced with reasoning tasks. Through an analysis of LLMs' internal factual recall at each…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Yifei Wang , Yuheng Chen , Wanting Wen , Yu Sheng , Linjing Li , Daniel Dajun Zeng

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across diverse languages. This study explores how LLMs handle multilingualism. Based on observed language ratio shifts among layers and the relationships between network…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Yiran Zhao , Wenxuan Zhang , Guizhen Chen , Kenji Kawaguchi , Lidong Bing

Large language models (LLMs) can store a vast amount of world knowledge, often extractable via question-answering (e.g., "What is Abraham Lincoln's birthday?"). However, do they answer such questions based on exposure to similar questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Zeyuan Allen-Zhu , Yuanzhi Li

In recent years, several Speech Language Models (SLMs) that represent speech and written text jointly have been presented. The question then emerges about how model-internal mechanisms are similar and different when operating in the two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Luca Modica , Filip Landin , Mehrdad Farahani , Livia Qian , Gabriel Skantze , Richard Johansson

In our era of widespread false information, human fact-checkers often face the challenge of duplicating efforts when verifying claims that may have already been addressed in other countries or languages. As false information transcends…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ivan Vykopal , Matúš Pikuliak , Simon Ostermann , Tatiana Anikina , Michal Gregor , Marián Šimko

Large Language Models (LLMs) have the capacity to store and recall facts. Through experimentation with open-source models, we observe that this ability to retrieve facts can be easily manipulated by changing contexts, even without altering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Yibo Jiang , Goutham Rajendran , Pradeep Ravikumar , Bryon Aragam

Large Language Models (LLMs) are capable of recalling multilingual factual knowledge present in their pretraining data. However, most studies evaluate only the final model, leaving the development of factual recall and crosslingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yihong Liu , Mingyang Wang , Amir Hossein Kargaran , Felicia Körner , Ercong Nie , Barbara Plank , François Yvon , Hinrich Schütze

Large Language Models (LLMs) store an extensive amount of factual knowledge obtained from vast collections of text. To effectively utilize these models for downstream tasks, it is crucial to have reliable methods for measuring their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Pouya Pezeshkpour

To produce accurate predictions, language models (LMs) must balance between generalization and memorization. Yet, little is known about the mechanism by which transformer LMs employ their memorization capacity. When does a model decide to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Adi Haviv , Ido Cohen , Jacob Gidron , Roei Schuster , Yoav Goldberg , Mor Geva

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results in natural language processing but are prone to memorizing portions of their training data, which can compromise evaluation metrics, raise privacy concerns, and limit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Eduardo Slonski

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as highly capable systems and are increasingly being integrated into various uses. However, the rapid pace of their deployment has outpaced a comprehensive understanding of their internal mechanisms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Gabriele Prato , Jerry Huang , Prasanna Parthasarathi , Shagun Sodhani , Sarath Chandar
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