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The recent surge in jailbreaking attacks has revealed significant vulnerabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs) when exposed to malicious inputs. While various defense strategies have been proposed to mitigate these threats, there has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Tianlong Li , Zhenghua Wang , Wenhao Liu , Muling Wu , Shihan Dou , Changze Lv , Xiaohua Wang , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuanjing Huang

It has been shown that finetuned transformers and other supervised detectors effectively distinguish between human and machine-generated text in some situations arXiv:2305.13242, but we find that even simple classifiers on top of n-gram and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Hope McGovern , Rickard Stureborg , Yoshi Suhara , Dimitris Alikaniotis

The behavior of LLMs does not depend solely on the model itself. Components of the inference system, such as the inference engine, attention backend, and hardware platform, subtly influence how inputs are processed. These components differ…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Anna Wimbauer , Jonas Möller , Erik Imgrund , Konrad Rieck

Program repair techniques offer cost-saving benefits for debugging within software development and programming education scenarios. With the proven effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) in code-related tasks, researchers have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Boyang Yang , Haoye Tian , Weiguo Pian , Haoran Yu , Haitao Wang , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé , Shunfu Jin

We present REMARK-LLM, a novel efficient, and robust watermarking framework designed for texts generated by large language models (LLMs). Synthesizing human-like content using LLMs necessitates vast computational resources and extensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Ruisi Zhang , Shehzeen Samarah Hussain , Paarth Neekhara , Farinaz Koushanfar

Ensuring awareness of fairness and privacy in Large Language Models (LLMs) is critical. Interestingly, we discover a counter-intuitive trade-off phenomenon that enhancing an LLM's privacy awareness through Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Chen Qian , Dongrui Liu , Jie Zhang , Yong Liu , Jing Shao

Large language models (LLMs) often benefit from intermediate steps of reasoning to generate answers to complex problems. When these intermediate steps of reasoning are used to monitor the activity of the model, it is essential that this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Fabien Roger , Ryan Greenblatt

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across a wide range of natural language processing tasks, demonstrating human-level performance in text generation, reasoning, and question answering. However, training such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yanbo Dai , Zongjie Li , Zhenlan Ji , Shuai Wang

We investigate fingerprints in pretraining datasets for large language models (LLMs) through dataset classification experiments. Building on prior work demonstrating the existence of fingerprints or biases in popular computer vision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Youssef Mansour , Reinhard Heckel

High-quality training data has proven crucial for developing performant large language models (LLMs). However, commercial LLM providers disclose few, if any, details about the data used for training. This lack of transparency creates…

Large-language models are capable of completing a variety of tasks, but remain unpredictable and intractable. Representation engineering seeks to resolve this problem through a new approach utilizing samples of contrasting inputs to detect…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Lukasz Bartoszcze , Sarthak Munshi , Bryan Sukidi , Jennifer Yen , Zejia Yang , David Williams-King , Linh Le , Kosi Asuzu , Carsten Maple

Named entity recognition is an important task when constructing knowledge bases from unstructured data sources. Whereas entity detection methods mostly rely on extensive training data, Large Language Models (LLMs) have paved the way towards…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Lu Gan , Martin Blum , Danilo Dessi , Brigitte Mathiak , Ralf Schenkel , Stefan Dietze

Machine unlearning (MU) for large language models (LLMs), commonly referred to as LLM unlearning, seeks to remove specific undesirable data or knowledge from a trained model, while maintaining its performance on standard tasks. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yiwei Chen , Soumyadeep Pal , Yimeng Zhang , Qing Qu , Sijia Liu

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into many technological ecosystems across various domains and industries, identifying which model is deployed or being interacted with is critical for the security and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Saeif Alhazbi , Ahmed Mohamed Hussain , Gabriele Oligeri , Panos Papadimitratos

Model merging is a promising lightweight model empowerment technique that does not rely on expensive computing devices (e.g., GPUs) or require the collection of specific training data. Instead, it involves editing different upstream model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Tianshuo Cong , Delong Ran , Zesen Liu , Xinlei He , Jinyuan Liu , Yichen Gong , Qi Li , Anyu Wang , Xiaoyun Wang

Since the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved remarkable success, understanding and rectifying their internal complex mechanisms has become an urgent issue. Recent research has attempted to interpret their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Yihao Zhang , Zeming Wei , Jun Sun , Meng Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agents that orchestrate tasks and integrate external tools to execute complex workflows. We demonstrate that these interactive behaviors leave distinctive fingerprints in encrypted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Yixiang Zhang , Xinhao Deng , Zhongyi Gu , Yihao Chen , Ke Xu , Qi Li , Jianping Wu

Detecting fraud in financial transactions typically relies on tabular models that demand heavy feature engineering to handle high-dimensional data and offer limited interpretability, making it difficult for humans to understand predictions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Xuwei Tan , Yao Ma , Xueru Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been observed to exhibit bias in numerous ways, potentially creating or worsening outcomes for specific groups identified by protected attributes such as sex, race, sexual orientation, or age. To help…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Dylan Bouchard , Mohit Singh Chauhan , David Skarbrevik , Viren Bajaj , Zeya Ahmad

Understanding the latent space geometry of large language models (LLMs) is key to interpreting their behavior and improving alignment. Yet it remains unclear to what extent LLMs linearly organize representations related to semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Baturay Saglam , Paul Kassianik , Blaine Nelson , Sajana Weerawardhena , Yaron Singer , Amin Karbasi